Which part(s) of the pharynx normally conduct food?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: 1. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are parts of the pharynx involved in the digestive system. 2. The oropharynx receives food from the mouth, while the laryngopharynx leads to the esophagus. 3. The nasopharynx is not involved in food digestion, it connects to the nasal cavity. 4. The laryngopharynx is crucial in guiding food towards the esophagus. Summary: A: Incorrect, as the oropharynx alone does not cover the entire pathway of food. B: Incorrect, as the nasopharynx is not involved in food passage. C: Incorrect, as it excludes the laryngopharynx which is essential for food digestion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: cirrhosis. Jaundice, pale skin, and liver with connective tissue buildup are classic symptoms of cirrhosis - a condition characterized by scarring of the liver due to long-term damage. Jaundice occurs when the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes. The pale color can be due to anemia often seen in cirrhosis. The buildup of connective tissue is indicative of fibrosis and scarring in the liver. Gastritis (A) is inflammation of the stomach lining, pancreatitis (B) is inflammation of the pancreas, and gallstones (C) are solid particles that form in the gallbladder. These conditions do not typically present with the combination of symptoms described.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: mass movements. Mass movements are strong contractions that occur 3 to 4 times a day, moving large amounts of fecal material through the colon. This process involves the transverse and descending colon, which aligns with the description provided in the question. Mass movements help propel waste towards the rectum for elimination. Choice B, haustral churning, refers to the mixing and propelling actions that occur in the haustra of the colon, not involving large parts of the transverse and descending colon. Choice C, the defecation reflex, is the process that triggers the urge to defecate, not specific contractions involving the colon. Choice D, teniae coli waves, are contractions of the longitudinal muscles of the colon that create the haustra, not the strong propulsive contractions described in the question.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D (Triglycerides must be emulsified and digested before fatty acids can be transported): 1. Triglycerides are large molecules that cannot be directly absorbed by the intestinal cells. 2. Emulsification breaks down triglycerides into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzyme action. 3. Enzymatic digestion of triglycerides by lipases results in the release of fatty acids and monoglycerides. 4. These breakdown products are then absorbed by enterocytes in the small intestine. Summary of Why Other Choices are Incorrect: A: FABP and FAT/CD36 proteins are involved in fatty acid transport, not triglyceride digestion. B: Both medium and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed into the lymphatic system via chylomicrons. C: While mixed micelles aid in lipid absorption, they are not essential for the initial digestion of triglycerides.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: regurgitation of the food into the oesophagus. The cardiac sphincter is located at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach. Its main function is to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. If the cardiac sphincter fails to function properly, it can lead to regurgitation, where stomach contents flow back into the esophagus, causing discomfort and potential damage to the esophageal lining. Summary: B: Loss of control of defecation is not related to the cardiac sphincter, as it primarily functions in the upper digestive tract. C: Movement of the bolus into the trachea is related to swallowing reflex and epiglottis function, not the cardiac sphincter. D: Rapid emptying from the stomach to the small intestine is controlled by the pyloric sphincter, not the cardiac sphincter.