Which painful, tender, pea-sized nodules may appear on the pads of the fingers or toes in bacterial endocarditis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Osler nodes are red, painful, intradermal nodes found on pads of the phalanges in bacterial endocarditis. Janeway lesions are painless hemorrhagic areas on palms and soles in bacterial endocarditis. Subcutaneous odules are nontender swellings, located over bony prominences, commonly found in rheumatic fever. Aschoff nodules are small nodules composed of cells and leukocytes found in the interstitial tissues of the heart in rheumatic myocarditis

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Anaphylactic shock results from extreme allergy or hypersensitivity to a foreign substance. Neurogenic shock results from loss of neuronal control, such as the interruption of neuronal transmission that occurs from a spinal cord injury. Cardiogenic shock is decreased cardiac output. Hypovolemic shock is a reduction in the size of the vascular compartment, decreasing blood pressure, and low central venous pressure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Although an echocardiogram is noninvasive, painless, and associated with no known side effects, it can be stressful for children. The child must lie quietly in the standard echocardiographic positions; crying, nursing, or sitting up often leads to diagnostic errors or omissions. Therefore, infants and young children may need a mild sedative; older children benefit from psychological preparation for the test. The distraction of a video or movie is often helpful.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding intussusception is crucial as it is a common condition in children. The correct answer, option C, states that urgent barium meal follow-through is not the investigation of choice for intussusception in children. This is because a barium enema is the preferred diagnostic test to both diagnose and treat intussusception in pediatric patients. Option A states that intussusception is more common in boys than girls, which is true. This gender predilection is important to note in clinical practice. Option B implicates adeno virus C in intussusception, which is also correct as viral infections can trigger intussusception in children. Option D, stating that postoperative intussusception is commonly ileoileal, is incorrect. Postoperative intussusception is a rare complication after abdominal surgery in children, and it can occur at the site of a surgical anastomosis, not limited to ileoileal regions. Educationally, it is essential for pediatric nurses to be aware of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of intussusception to provide timely and appropriate care for pediatric patients. Understanding the nuances of diagnostic investigations and common misconceptions in intussusception is vital for optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology and nursing, understanding hypoglycemia in infants is crucial for providing safe and effective care. The correct answer is A) 40 mg/dl. Infants are more vulnerable to hypoglycemia due to their limited glycogen stores and high metabolic demands. A blood glucose level below 40 mg/dl in infants is considered hypoglycemic and requires prompt intervention to prevent potential neurological damage. Option B) 50 mg/dl is higher than the threshold for hypoglycemia in infants. Selecting this option could lead to delayed recognition and treatment of hypoglycemia, putting the infant at risk. Option C) 60 mg/dl is also above the appropriate threshold for defining hypoglycemia in infants. Choosing this option may result in missing the early signs of hypoglycemia and its potential impact on the infant's health. Option D) 80 mg/dl is well within the normal range for blood glucose levels and indicates euglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Selecting this option would indicate a misunderstanding of hypoglycemia criteria in infants. Educationally, understanding the specific blood glucose thresholds for hypoglycemia in different age groups is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. It ensures timely recognition and appropriate management of hypoglycemia, which is crucial for preventing serious complications in infants. This knowledge helps maintain patient safety and supports effective nursing care in pediatric cardiovascular settings.