Which organ does not have hormone production?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: liver. The liver does not produce hormones. Hormones are primarily produced by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, etc. The liver's main functions are related to metabolism, detoxification, and storage, rather than hormone production. The heart (choice A) produces hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide. The kidney (choice B) produces hormones like erythropoietin and renin. The skin (choice D) produces hormones like vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Therefore, the liver is the only organ in the list that does not have hormone production.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: The hormones produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary are ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin. Step 2: ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Step 3: Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Step 4: Therefore, choice B (ADH and oxytocin) is correct. Summary: - Choice A (ADH and aldosterone) is incorrect because aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands, not the posterior pituitary. - Choice C (oxytocin and prolactin) is incorrect because prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary. - Choice D (cortisol and aldosterone) is incorrect because cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, not the posterior pituitary.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: myxedema. Hypothyroidism in adults is commonly caused by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones. Myxedema is the term used to describe severe hypothyroidism, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and swelling of the face and hands. Graves disease (choice A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Diabetes insipidus (choice B) is a disorder related to the kidneys and has no direct connection to thyroid function. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it accurately describes hypothyroidism in adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of cortisol in response to stress. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, not cortisol. The anterior pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, not cortisol. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the correct choice for the production of cortisol.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer cells release this growth factor to promote the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) around the tumor, providing a supply of nutrients and oxygen to support their growth. This process is essential for cancer progression. A: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in the production and differentiation of macrophages, not in angiogenesis. B: Platelet-derived growth factor promotes cell growth and division, but it is not specifically responsible for angiogenesis in the context of cancer. D: Epidermal growth factor is a signaling molecule that promotes cell proliferation and differentiation but is not the primary factor released by cancer cells to induce angiogenesis.