Which options represent the steps in health program management process?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A (Assess, plan, implement, evaluate) because it follows the logical sequence of health program management process. Assessment involves gathering information and identifying needs. Planning entails setting goals and developing strategies. Implementation is the execution of the plan, while evaluation assesses the effectiveness and outcomes. Option B (Identify, initiate, implement) lacks the crucial step of evaluation, which is essential for measuring the program's success. Option C (Organize, operationalize, mobilize, subsidize) includes irrelevant steps like mobilize and subsidize that are not part of the core management process. Option D (Substantiate, negotiate, evaluate) does not include the initial steps of assessing and planning, which are essential for effective program management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vaccine-preventable diseases. Childhood mortality rates can be significantly reduced by targeting vaccine-preventable diseases through immunization programs. Vaccines are proven to be effective in preventing illnesses such as measles, polio, and whooping cough. By focusing on vaccination efforts, the community health nurse can directly impact reducing childhood mortality rates. Rationale: 1. Vaccines are highly effective in preventing various diseases that can lead to childhood mortality. 2. Immunization programs have been successful in decreasing the prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases. 3. Targeting vaccine-preventable diseases aligns with evidence-based practices for reducing childhood mortality rates. Summary: A: Accidents and injuries - While important, targeting accidents and injuries alone may not directly impact childhood mortality rates as significantly as preventing diseases through vaccination. B: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - AIDS primarily affects adults, so targeting this may not be as effective in reducing childhood mortality rates. C: Childhood obesity

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Gerontological nursing. Gerontological nursing is a specialty that focuses on the holistic care of older clients, addressing their physical, emotional, and social needs. This specialty includes promoting healthy aging, preventing illness, and managing chronic conditions in older adults. Elder care (A) is a broader term that encompasses various types of care for older individuals. Geriatrics (B) is the medical specialty focusing on the health and diseases of older adults. Geripsychiatric nursing (C) is a specialty that specifically deals with the mental health needs of older adults. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it specifically pertains to the holistic care of older clients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Primary prevention and early detection. Primary prevention strategies, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding risk factors, can help reduce the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer. Early detection through screening tests can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment, improving long-term survival rates. Providing information and chemotherapy (C) is important for treatment but not the key factor for improving survival. Prevention of infections and smoking cessation (D) are important for overall health but not directly related to improving long-term survival in colorectal cancer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The primary reason for the existence of challenges in family nursing related to family functions and structures is that they continue to change over time (Choice A). This is because as societal norms, values, and dynamics evolve, families also adapt and transform. This ongoing evolution can lead to complexities in understanding and addressing the unique needs of each family unit. Choice B is incorrect because while not all families may fit a traditional mold, the concepts of function and structure still apply to most family units. Choice C is incorrect as not having a family does not negate the challenges faced by those who do have families. Choice D is incorrect as traditional families may be less common but are not necessarily rare, and even non-traditional families face challenges related to their functions and structures.