Which one of the following will NOT occur during water intoxication?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: water retention. Water intoxication leads to dilution of electrolytes in the body, causing intracellular fluid (ICF) hypotonicity and circulatory extracellular fluid (ECF) hypotonicity. Excess free water intake can overwhelm the kidneys' ability to excrete it, resulting in hyponatremia. Water retention, on the other hand, implies the body is holding onto water, which is not a characteristic of water intoxication where excess water is typically excreted. Therefore, water retention does not occur during water intoxication.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chemical buffer systems respond to changes in acid or base levels. This is because chemical buffer systems work by absorbing or releasing H+ ions to maintain a stable pH in the body. They act immediately to prevent drastic changes in pH levels. A is incorrect because chemical buffer systems act almost instantaneously, not in one to three minutes. C is incorrect because chemical buffer systems do not directly promote H+ excretion by the kidneys; that is the role of the renal system. D is incorrect because chemical buffer systems do not directly stimulate the respiratory center; that is the role of the respiratory system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: The respiratory system can react to changes in pH quickly due to its ability to modify the rate and depth of breathing. Step 2: By increasing the rate and depth of breathing, excess CO2 is expelled, reducing H+ concentration and restoring pH balance. Step 3: This rapid response allows the respiratory system to buffer against pH changes within seconds. Step 4: Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the buffering activities of the respiratory system. Summary: Choice B is incorrect because an increase in pH would lead to a decrease in H+ concentration, triggering an increase in the depth and rate of breathing. Choice C is incorrect as the respiratory system can buffer against both increases and decreases in arterial [H+]. Choice D is incorrect as the respiratory system can counteract changes in pH from both respiratory and nonrespiratory causes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Buffering of urine is important to prevent acidosis because if urine becomes too acidic, it prevents tubular secretion of H+ ions, limiting the renal buffering capacity. This helps maintain the body's acid-base balance. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly relate to the role of buffering urine in preventing acidosis. Choice A is incorrect because bicarbonate secretion is a mechanism to counteract acidosis, not a reason for buffering urine. Choice B is incorrect as acidic urine does not directly inhibit the micturition reflex. Choice C is incorrect because acidic urine does not typically damage the urinary bladder.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Vomiting leads to loss of fluids and electrolytes, causing dehydration. 2. Loss of stomach acid (HCl) during vomiting can result in metabolic alkalosis. 3. Dehydration leads to increased concentration of HCO3- in the blood, causing metabolic acidosis. 4. Therefore, vomiting can lead to dehydration and metabolic acidosis (Choice C). Summary: - Choice A is incorrect as vomiting leads to loss of H+ ions, not abnormal buildup. - Choice B is incorrect as vomiting does not lead to a decrease in HCO3-. - Choice D is incorrect as vomiting typically leads to metabolic acidosis, not alkalosis.