Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding rumination?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rumination is the regurgitation and rechewing of food that occurs after a period of normal digestion. The correct answer, option A, is false because rumination is not only seen in infants and individuals with intellectual disability. It can also occur in children and adults without intellectual disabilities. Option B, stating that rumination runs an episodic course, is incorrect because rumination is typically a chronic condition that can persist if not addressed. Option C, suggesting that rumination results from neglect, is also incorrect. Rumination is a complex behavior with various potential causes, including psychological factors, and is not solely attributed to neglect. Option D, indicating that rumination in infancy can resolve spontaneously, is partially correct. While some cases of infant rumination may resolve spontaneously, persistent rumination may require intervention. It's important for pediatric nurses to be aware of rumination as it may indicate underlying issues that need to be addressed, such as feeding difficulties, stress, or developmental concerns. Early identification and intervention can help prevent long-term complications and improve the child's well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In understanding the rationale behind the correct answer and why the other options are incorrect in the context of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), it is crucial to delve into the core characteristics of ASD. Option A states that there are 3 grades of severity in ASD, which is a recognized aspect of the disorder. ASD is indeed characterized by a spectrum of symptoms and severity levels, ranging from mild to severe. Option B mentions superior intellectual functioning in select areas, which is also a common feature seen in individuals with ASD. While they may struggle with certain social and communication skills, some individuals with ASD exhibit exceptional abilities in specific areas like mathematics or music. Option C, motor deficits, can also be present in individuals with ASD. Motor coordination challenges are often observed in children with ASD, impacting their motor skills and physical movements. The correct answer, D, truancy, is not a recognized characteristic of ASD. Truancy refers to an unexcused absence from school, which is not a defining feature of ASD. Children with ASD may have difficulties with attending school regularly due to various reasons, but truancy implies a deliberate act of skipping school without a valid reason, which is not a symptom of ASD. In an educational context, it is essential for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, to have a comprehensive understanding of the core features of ASD to provide effective care and support for children with this condition. Recognizing the key characteristics and differentiating them from unrelated behaviors or issues is crucial in promoting the well-being and development of individuals with ASD.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Hurler syndrome. Generalized edema of the newborn can occur due to various conditions, but Hurler syndrome is not typically associated with this specific symptom. Prematurity (Option A) can lead to generalized edema in newborns due to immature renal function and increased capillary permeability. Nonimmune hydrops (Option B) is characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in fetal compartments, leading to edema. Turner syndrome (Option C) can present with lymphedema or swelling of the hands and feet due to lymphatic system abnormalities. Educationally, understanding the causes of generalized edema in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing these conditions helps in early identification, appropriate interventions, and providing optimal care for newborns. By differentiating between conditions like prematurity, nonimmune hydrops, and genetic syndromes like Turner syndrome, nurses can contribute effectively to the multidisciplinary team caring for neonates with edema. Knowing that Hurler syndrome does not typically present with generalized edema is a key point in clinical assessment and differential diagnosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) the overall incidence of multifetal gestation is unchanged. Explanation: - The overall incidence of multifetal gestation can change due to various factors such as advancements in assisted reproductive technologies, maternal age, and other environmental factors. - This statement is incorrect because the incidence of multifetal gestation has been increasing over the years due to factors like fertility treatments. Why others are wrong: A) The reported incidence of spontaneous twinning is lowest in Asian races. This statement is true as there is a lower incidence of spontaneous twinning in Asian races compared to other racial groups. B) Triplets are estimated to occur in 1 in 86² pregnancies in the USA. This statement is true and reflects the relatively low occurrence of triplets compared to singletons or twins. C) The incidence of monozygotic twins is unaffected by racial or familial factors. This statement is generally true as monozygotic twinning is mostly considered a random occurrence and not influenced by racial or familial factors. Educational context: Understanding the factors influencing multiple gestation pregnancies is crucial for healthcare providers in prenatal care and obstetrics. It helps in providing appropriate care and counseling to expectant mothers carrying multiple fetuses. Moreover, knowledge of these factors aids in predicting and managing potential complications associated with multifetal pregnancies, promoting positive maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of prematurity is a common concern in neonatal care. The correct answer, B, states that MRI is the preferred imaging technique for screening IVH, is incorrect. The gold standard for diagnosing IVH is cranial ultrasound due to its accessibility, portability, and accuracy in detecting hemorrhages in premature infants. MRI is not commonly used for routine screening due to its high cost, limited availability in neonatal units, and the need for sedation, making it less practical for this purpose. Option A states that IVH usually develops spontaneously, which is true as it is often associated with fragile blood vessels in the germinal matrix of preterm infants. Option C mentions prophylactic administration of low-dose indomethacin reducing the incidence of severe IVH, which is accurate as indomethacin helps in closing the ductus arteriosus, reducing the risk of IVH. Option D, stating that the majority of patients with IVH have no clinical symptoms, is also correct since symptoms may not be apparent until the hemorrhage progresses or causes complications. Educationally, understanding the nuances of IVH diagnosis and management is crucial for healthcare providers working in neonatal care. By recognizing the importance of appropriate imaging modalities, such as cranial ultrasound over MRI for IVH screening, providers can efficiently diagnose and manage this critical condition in preterm infants, leading to improved outcomes.