Which one of the following local anesthetics is an ester of benzoic acid?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Procaine. Procaine is an ester local anesthetic that is derived from benzoic acid. It is commonly known as Novocain. Lidocaine (A) is an amide local anesthetic. Ropivacaine (C) is also an amide local anesthetic. Cocaine (D) is a natural alkaloid derivative and not an ester of benzoic acid. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it is the only option that matches the criteria provided in the question.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glaucoma. Antimuscarinics are not used in the treatment of glaucoma because they can increase intraocular pressure, worsening the condition. Motion sickness, hyperhidrosis, and asthma can all be treated with antimuscarinics due to their ability to block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, thereby reducing symptoms associated with these disorders. It is important to remember that antimuscarinics can have various effects on different organ systems based on the receptors they block, so their use must be carefully tailored to the specific condition being treated.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Terbutaline. Terbutaline is a selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist that causes bronchodilation by acting on beta-2 receptors in the lungs without significant cardiac stimulation. Isoprenaline (A) is a non-selective beta agonist that can cause significant cardiac stimulation. Xylometazoline (C) is a nasal decongestant that acts on alpha-adrenergic receptors and does not cause bronchodilation. Methoxamine (D) is an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that can actually cause bronchoconstriction and does not cause bronchodilation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: Adrenoreceptor antagonists work by reversible or irreversible interaction with adrenoreceptors, blocking the action of catecholamines. This directly affects the sympathetic nervous system. B: Depletion of catecholamines is not the primary mechanism of action of adrenoreceptor antagonists. C: Blockade of amine reuptake pumps is not the primary mechanism of action of adrenoreceptor antagonists. D: Nonselective MAO inhibition is not the mechanism of action of adrenoreceptor antagonists.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct: Hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme induction increases the metabolism of drugs like barbiturates. This leads to decreased drug levels, resulting in tolerance - requiring higher doses for the same effect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because cumulative effects refer to increased drug levels due to impaired metabolism, physical dependence is related to behavioral aspects, and hangover effects are due to drug toxicity or residual effects, not enzyme induction.