Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: cellular mutations occur. Hormone binding typically triggers signaling cascades that lead to cellular responses like changing plasma membrane permeability, activating/inactivating enzymes, or stimulating mitosis. Cellular mutations are not a direct result of hormone binding and are typically caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals. In this context, mutations do not happen as an immediate response to hormone binding. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Plasma membrane permeability changes, enzyme activation/inactivation, and mitosis stimulation are all typical outcomes of hormone binding and subsequent signaling pathways.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease). In this case, the symptoms match those of Cushing syndrome, which is characterized by excess cortisol production. The increased ACTH levels are indicative of the pituitary gland overproducing ACTH, leading to excess cortisol. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not match the symptoms presented. Choice D is incorrect because exogenous glucocorticoids would not lead to increased ACTH levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because during late puberty, the production of sex hormones by the gonads significantly outweighs the production of gonadocorticoids by the adrenal gland. This is due to the maturation and increased activity of the gonads during this developmental stage. Rationale: A: Synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily catecholamines, not androgens. C: Secretion inhibition of gonadocorticoids is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not solely by a negative feedback loop involving ACTH. D: Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome, not adrenogenital syndrome or feminization.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: bones and skeletal muscles. Growth hormone primarily targets these tissues to promote growth and development. Growth hormone stimulates bone growth by acting on bone cells and increasing protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, leading to muscle growth. The other choices are incorrect because growth hormone does not directly target blood vessels, adrenal glands, or the liver for growth-promoting effects. Growth hormone primarily affects bone and muscle tissues for growth and repair.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aldosterone functions to increase sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts on the kidneys to enhance the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium. This helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Aldosterone is not secreted by the neurohypophysis, but by the adrenal glands. C: Aldosterone actually decreases potassium concentration in the blood. D: Aldosterone production is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not greatly influenced by ACTH.