Which one of the following hormones not synthesized in the hypothalamus?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Luteinizing hormone. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating the endocrine system by producing and releasing various hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone is not synthesized in the hypothalamus; rather, it is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone is essential for reproductive functions such as ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. A) Corticotropin-releasing hormone is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal glands. C) Oxytocin is another hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus. It plays a role in uterine contractions during childbirth, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and social bonding. D) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is also synthesized in the hypothalamus and controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland, which regulates thyroid hormone production. Understanding the origin and functions of hormones is essential in pharmacology as it helps in determining the appropriate pharmacological interventions for various endocrine disorders. This knowledge is also crucial for nurses and other healthcare professionals when administering medications that affect the endocrine system to ensure safe and effective patient care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Asthma is a contraindication. Levonorgestrol for post-coital contraception is generally safe and effective, with a failure rate of less than 10%. It is considered more effective than having a copper IUD inserted within 5 days. If vomiting occurs within 3 hours of ingestion, repeating the dose is recommended to ensure efficacy. Option A is false because levonorgestrol has a failure rate of less than 10%, making it quite effective. Option B is incorrect as levonorgestrol is actually more effective than getting a copper IUD inserted post-coitally. Option C is true as repeating the dose after vomiting ensures adequate absorption and effectiveness. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacology of emergency contraception is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide accurate information and care to patients. Knowing the contraindications, side effects, and effectiveness of different options allows for informed decision-making and optimal patient outcomes. It is essential for nurses and other healthcare providers to stay updated on pharmacological information to provide safe and effective care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rapid withdrawal after prolonged prednisolone administration can cause various adrenal insufficiency symptoms due to suppression of the body's natural cortisol production. The correct answer is C) Hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuria, or increased calcium excretion in the urine, is not directly related to adrenal insufficiency. The other options, A) Acute adrenal insufficiency, B) Malaise, and D) Arthralgia are all potential symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency that can occur when corticosteroid therapy is abruptly discontinued. Educationally, understanding the consequences of abrupt withdrawal of corticosteroids is crucial for healthcare providers managing patients on long-term steroid therapy. This knowledge helps prevent potentially life-threatening adrenal crisis and allows for appropriate tapering strategies to mitigate withdrawal symptoms effectively. It also highlights the importance of patient education regarding the risks associated with corticosteroid therapy and the need for medical supervision when discontinuing such medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as the most likely positive sign of pregnancy when present in urine. HCG is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. It is the hormone detected by pregnancy tests and its presence in urine confirms pregnancy. Option A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is not indicative of pregnancy. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and regulates thyroid function, not pregnancy. Option B) Corticotropin is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. It is not specific to pregnancy and does not indicate pregnancy when present in urine. Option D) Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) is involved in the regulation of testosterone production in males and is not related to pregnancy in females. Educationally, understanding the role of hormones in the body is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially when it comes to interpreting diagnostic tests like urine analysis. Knowledge of HCG's role in pregnancy testing is essential for nurses, doctors, and other healthcare providers who may encounter patients seeking confirmation of pregnancy. This question reinforces the importance of understanding the physiological processes related to pregnancy and the specific hormones involved.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of hypothyroidism, thyroxine is preferred over liothyronine because thyroxine has a longer half-life. This is the correct answer (B) because thyroxine, also known as T4, has a half-life of around 7 days compared to liothyronine, also known as T3, which has a half-life of around 1 day. This longer half-life of thyroxine allows for a more stable and sustained level of thyroid hormone in the body, leading to better symptom control and reduced frequency of dosing. Option A, that thyroxine can be made more easily by recombinant DNA technology, is incorrect as the ease of production does not necessarily dictate its preference in treatment. Option C, stating that thyroxine has higher affinity for thyroid hormone receptors, is also incorrect as both thyroxine and liothyronine have similar affinities for thyroid hormone receptors. Option D, suggesting that thyroxine is faster acting, is incorrect as liothyronine is actually the faster-acting form of thyroid hormone. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacological differences between thyroxine and liothyronine is important for healthcare professionals managing patients with hypothyroidism. Knowing why thyroxine is preferred can help guide treatment decisions and optimize patient outcomes. It also highlights the importance of considering pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics when selecting appropriate medications for thyroid disorders.