Which one of the following functions best describes the effects of the hormone cholecystokinin?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because cholecystokinin inhibits gastric secretions, stimulates pancreatic secretions high in enzymes, and stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi. This hormone is released in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine, leading to the digestion and absorption of these nutrients. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not fully capture the wide range of effects of cholecystokinin. Choice D is also incorrect because it includes the stimulation of bile secretion, which is not a direct effect of cholecystokinin.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the absorption of glucose is indeed associated with sodium uptake. This process occurs through the sodium-glucose cotransporter located on the apical membrane of the enterocytes in the small intestine. Sodium acts as a co-transporter, helping to facilitate the absorption of glucose. This mechanism is crucial for efficient absorption of glucose in the GI tract. Choice B is incorrect as glucose is actually absorbed more rapidly than fructose due to differences in transport mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect since galactose and fructose are absorbed by different transporters at the brush border membrane. Choice D is also incorrect because the majority of water absorption occurs in the small intestine, not the colon.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Reuptake of the transmitter at the presynaptic terminal: This process involves the retrieval of excess neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron, preventing excessive accumulation in the synapse. Step 2: Enzymatic degradation of the transmitter within the synapse: Enzymes break down excess neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse, helping to maintain optimal levels and preventing overstimulation of the post synaptic terminal. Step 3: Negative feedback to inhibit further release of the transmitter: When neurotransmitter levels are high, negative feedback mechanisms can inhibit further release, preventing excessive accumulation and maintaining synaptic balance. Summary: - Option A and B are correct because reuptake and enzymatic degradation help prevent excessive accumulation of neurotransmitters. - Option C is also correct as negative feedback mechanisms play a role in regulating neurotransmitter release. - Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all of the above mechanisms work together to prevent excessive accumulation of neurotransmitters.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because during moderate exercise, your body primarily relies on glycogen stores, not protein stores, for energy. Protein is not a preferred energy source during exercise as it is mainly used for structural and enzymatic functions. Muscle glycogen, muscle triglycerides, and plasma fatty acids are the main sources of energy at 65% VO2 max. Low-intensity exercise primarily utilizes fatty acids from plasma. Blood glucose stores can be depleted within about 15 minutes of very intense exercise due to high energy demands. Thus, choice C is false as protein stores are not the biggest energy source during moderate exercise.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Assess for bowel sounds. Rationale: 1. Assessing for bowel sounds is the initial step to ensure proper placement before administering enteral feeding. 2. Bowel sounds indicate the tube is in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the risk of aspiration. 3. This step precedes tube placement confirmation (auscultation and pH check), flushing, and reflushing. Summary: - Auscultating tube placement and checking pH (B) should follow assessing bowel sounds. - Flushing the tube with water (C) and reflushing (D) occur after confirming proper tube placement.