which one is the largest cartilage of the larynx:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: corniculate cartilage. The corniculate cartilage is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages. It is paired and sits atop the arytenoid cartilages in the posterior aspect of the larynx. The cricoid cartilage (A) is a complete ring of cartilage located just below the thyroid cartilage. The epiglottis (B) is a leaf-shaped cartilage that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the airway during swallowing. The thyroid cartilage (C) is the largest laryngeal cartilage but not the largest overall.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase is crucial for converting carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in red blood cells, facilitating oxygen transport. This enzyme plays a key role in maintaining the blood's acid-base balance and allowing efficient exchange of gases in the lungs. The other choices are incorrect because hemoglobin synthesis is not directly related to carbonic anhydrase, blood pressure regulation involves different mechanisms, and blood glucose levels are primarily controlled by insulin and glucagon, not carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - "At the first indication of chest pain." This is because sublingual nitroglycerin is a rapid-acting medication used to relieve chest pain related to angina by dilating blood vessels. Taking it at the first sign of chest pain ensures prompt relief. Choice A is incorrect as frequent dosing can lead to tolerance. Choice C is unnecessary and not evidence-based. Choice D delays treatment and can be dangerous in an emergency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Respiratory acidosis. In COPD, the client has impaired gas exchange leading to retention of carbon dioxide, causing respiratory acidosis. This imbalance occurs due to decreased ability to exhale carbon dioxide effectively. Respiratory alkalosis (B) is unlikely as COPD results in CO2 retention. Metabolic acidosis (C) would involve non-respiratory causes. Metabolic alkalosis (D) is not typically associated with COPD. Thus, A is the most likely acid-base imbalance in COPD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: Decreased pCO2 in alveolar gas causes an increase in airway resistance: 1. pCO2 levels in alveolar gas directly affect bronchial smooth muscle tone. 2. Low pCO2 causes bronchodilation, leading to reduced airway resistance. 3. High pCO2 causes bronchoconstriction, increasing airway resistance. 4. This relationship is crucial in maintaining optimal ventilation-perfusion matching. Summary for Other Choices: A. Incorrect - Poiseuille's equation is for laminar flow, not turbulent flow, and describes the relationship between pressure, flow rate, and radius. B. Incorrect - The major site of resistance is in medium-sized bronchi, not very small bronchioles. D. Incorrect - As lung volume reduces, airway resistance actually increases due to decreased radial traction.