Which one is a Non-reversible pulmonary disease in which the bronchi are blocked with mucous and infection and rupture of alveoli

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer because it is a non-reversible pulmonary disease characterized by the destruction of lung tissue, leading to the blockage of bronchioles and rupture of alveoli. This results in difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen exchange. Silicosis (A) is caused by inhaling silica dust, not related to bronchial blockage. Asphyxia (B) is a condition of suffocation, not related to pulmonary disease. Embolism (D) is the blockage of a blood vessel by a clot, not specific to the bronchi or alveoli.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: It lubricates the movement of the thorax and lungs. Pleural fluid acts as a lubricant between the layers of the pleura, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement during respiration. This function is crucial for the efficient expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. Explanation: 1. A (It allows for full expansion of the lungs within the thoracic cavity): While pleural fluid does contribute to lung expansion, its main role is not to solely allow for full expansion. 2. B (It prevents the lungs from collapsing within the thoracic cavity): This is incorrect as the pleural pressure, rather than the pleural fluid, prevents lung collapse. 3. C (It limits lung expansion within the thoracic cavity): This is incorrect as pleural fluid actually facilitates lung expansion by reducing friction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: The upper respiratory system requires protection and mucus secretion. Step 2: Pseudostratified epithelium provides protection and has cilia for moving mucus. Step 3: Ciliated columnar cells help sweep mucus and debris out of the respiratory tract. Step 4: Therefore, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is the correct choice. Summary: B: Moist cuboidal epithelium lacks cilia and isn't specialized for mucus clearance. C: Simple squamous epithelium is too thin and fragile for protection. D: Stratified squamous epithelium is more suited for areas with high mechanical stress.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 40 mm Hg. In peripheral tissues, oxygen is delivered by the blood through capillaries. The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is lower than in the blood, around 40 mm Hg. This allows for the diffusion of oxygen from capillaries to cells. Choice B (45 mm Hg) and C (50 mm Hg) are slightly higher pressures and would not promote efficient oxygen diffusion. Choice D (70 mm Hg) is closer to arterial blood oxygen levels and would not allow sufficient oxygen release to tissues. Thus, the correct answer is A as it reflects the physiological conditions necessary for effective oxygen delivery to cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve. This is because the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve graphically depicts the relationship between the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen. This curve helps visualize factors affecting oxygen release, such as pH, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels. A: Spirograph is a tool used for drawing geometric shapes and has no relevance to hemoglobin oxygen release. B: Pulmonary volume chart is used to measure lung volumes and capacities, not specifically related to hemoglobin oxygen release. C: Respiratory cycle chart may show breathing patterns but does not directly visualize factors affecting oxygen release from hemoglobin. In summary, the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve is the most appropriate tool for visualizing factors influencing oxygen release from hemoglobin, making it the correct choice over the other options.