Which of these symptoms is/are associated with acidosis?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: disorientation and coma. Acidosis occurs when the body's pH level becomes too acidic. This leads to central nervous system dysfunction, resulting in disorientation and potentially coma. Extreme nervousness (A) is not a typical symptom of acidosis. "Pins and needles" sensations (C) are more commonly associated with nerve damage or circulation issues. Muscle twitches and spasms (D) are not specific to acidosis and can occur due to various reasons. In summary, disorientation and coma are key indicators of acidosis due to the impact on the central nervous system.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Haemoglobin is the main buffer for O2. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. This buffering action helps maintain a stable oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as haemoglobin does not primarily buffer PO3-, CO4^2-, or NO. These molecules do not have a direct relationship with haemoglobin's oxygen-carrying function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because sympathetic activity does not directly regulate renal secretion of H+. Sympathetic activity mainly affects blood flow and blood pressure regulation in the kidneys. In contrast, choices B, C, and D all describe factors that do influence the regulation of renal H+ secretion. B explains how respiratory dysfunction can trigger increased H+ secretion, C emphasizes the role of CO levels in determining H+ secretion, and D points out that elevated plasma [H+] leads to increased renal H+ secretion. Therefore, A is the only option that does not accurately describe how renal secretion of H+ is regulated.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or fails to remove enough acid. Aspirin poisoning can lead to metabolic acidosis by increasing the production of lactic acid and impairing the kidney's ability to excrete acid. Severe vomiting and severe diarrhea can cause metabolic alkalosis due to loss of stomach acid or bicarbonate, respectively. Emphysema is associated with respiratory acidosis due to impaired gas exchange, not metabolic acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is A (aspirin poisoning).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D (15/10). This ratio represents a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3-) and an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which indicates a respiratory acidosis condition. In respiratory acidosis, there is an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) leading to increased carbonic acid formation. The other choices are incorrect because they do not reflect the appropriate changes in HCO3- and CO2 levels corresponding to respiratory acidosis. Choice A (40/1) and B (20/2) indicate alkalosis conditions with higher HCO3- levels, while choice C (20/5) suggests a normal ratio not reflective of an acid-base disorder.