Which of these is a potent urinary buffer?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: phosphate. Phosphate is a potent urinary buffer as it helps maintain the acid-base balance in the body by accepting or donating hydrogen ions in the urine. Phosphate plays a crucial role in regulating the pH of urine, making it an effective urinary buffer. Summary: - Phosphate is a potent urinary buffer as it helps regulate the pH of urine. - Haemoglobin is not a urinary buffer, it mainly functions in oxygen transport. - Bicarbonate/carbonic acid primarily acts as an extracellular buffer in the blood, not in the urine. - Proteins do have buffering capacity, but they are not specific to urinary buffering.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: uncompensated metabolic acidosis. The ratio of [HCO3-] / [CO2] is typically around 20/1 in the blood (normal range). In this case, the ratio is 40/1, indicating an increase in [HCO3-] relative to [CO2]. This suggests metabolic alkalosis. However, if the ratio is inverted (as in this case), it indicates compensation for a primary respiratory alkalosis. This leads to a primary metabolic acidosis. Therefore, the correct interpretation is uncompensated metabolic acidosis. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not consider the specific relationship between [HCO3-] and [CO2].

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B because the serum anionic gap is a valuable tool in diagnosing the cause of metabolic acidosis. By calculating the anion gap (serum sodium - (serum chloride + serum bicarbonate)), clinicians can identify unmeasured anions such as lactate or ketones, which are often elevated in metabolic acidosis. This information helps differentiate between various causes of metabolic acidosis, such as lactic acidosis or ketoacidosis. Summary: A: Incorrect. The serum anionic gap is not typically used to diagnose the cause of metabolic alkalosis. C: Incorrect. The serum anionic gap is not typically used to diagnose the cause of respiratory alkalosis. D: Incorrect. The serum anionic gap is not typically used to diagnose the cause of respiratory acidosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is B: FALSE. This statement is incorrect because in real-world systems, the output of a substance is not always matched equally with its input due to factors such as losses, inefficiencies, and transformations. Therefore, it is not always true that input equals output. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the variability and discrepancies that can occur between input and output in systems.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Muscle mass and water content in the body are not directly correlated. 2. Muscle mass is related to physical activity and genetics, while water content is influenced by hydration levels. 3. Therefore, having higher muscle mass does not necessarily mean lower water content. 4. Hence, the statement that the first female will have lower water content is false. Summary: A: Incorrect - Muscle mass and water content are not causally related. C & D: Not applicable - These choices do not provide relevant explanations.