Which of these antituberculosis agents can cause optic neuritis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Ethambutol. Ethambutol is known to cause optic neuritis, which is inflammation of the optic nerve leading to visual disturbances. This adverse effect is unique to ethambutol among the options provided. A) Isoniazid is a commonly used antituberculosis agent but is not associated with causing optic neuritis. B) Rifampin is another widely used antituberculosis drug but does not typically lead to optic neuritis. C) Pyrazinamide is not known to cause optic neuritis. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the potential side effects of medications used in the treatment of tuberculosis is crucial for providing safe and effective care to young patients. Recognizing the adverse effects of ethambutol, such as optic neuritis, allows nurses to monitor for symptoms, intervene promptly if needed, and educate patients and families on what to watch for during treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the complications of infectious diseases like mumps is crucial for providing optimal care to children. The correct answer to the question, "The most common complication of mumps infection is:" is C) Meningoencephalitis. Meningoencephalitis is the most common complication of mumps infection because the mumps virus primarily affects the salivary glands but can also lead to inflammation of the meninges and brain tissue. This can result in symptoms such as headache, fever, and in severe cases, seizures and neurological deficits. Option A) Arthritis is not a common complication of mumps infection. Mumps primarily affects the salivary glands and does not typically lead to joint inflammation. Option B) Nephritis involves inflammation of the kidneys and is not a common complication of mumps infection. Mumps does not typically target the kidneys. Option D) Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid gland, is not a common complication of mumps infection. Mumps primarily affects the salivary glands and does not commonly involve the thyroid. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the potential complications of infectious diseases in pediatric patients. It reinforces the need for healthcare providers to be able to recognize and manage complications such as meningoencephalitis in children with mumps to provide appropriate care and prevent further complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Mitral valve stenosis. A mid diastolic rumble murmur at the lower left sternal border is a classic finding in mitral valve stenosis. During diastole, blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the stenotic mitral valve, causing turbulence and generating the characteristic rumbling sound. This murmur is also commonly associated with an opening snap at the beginning of diastole. Option B) Severe mitral incompetence would present with a holosystolic murmur at the apex rather than a mid-diastolic rumble. Option C) Aortic rheumatic carditis with mitral valvulitis typically manifests with a high-pitched blowing early diastolic murmur at the apex. Option D) Large atrial septal defect would result in a widely split S2 heart sound and a systolic ejection murmur at the upper left sternal border. Understanding these specific murmur characteristics is crucial in pediatric nursing as it aids in the accurate diagnosis of structural heart diseases. Nurses must be able to differentiate between different murmurs to provide appropriate care and interventions for pediatric patients with congenital or acquired heart conditions. Recognizing the distinct sounds associated with each condition can guide treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In a child with a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), auscultation of a diastolic murmur can be related to the development of all the options provided. Option A: Development of aortic regurgitation can occur due to the increased volume load on the left ventricle caused by the VSD, leading to a diastolic murmur. Option B: Development of pulmonary hypertension can result from increased pulmonary blood flow due to the left-to-right shunt in VSD, causing a diastolic murmur. Option C: A significant left-to-right shunt in VSD can lead to increased flow across the defect, causing turbulence and a diastolic murmur. Therefore, the correct answer, D) All of the above, is indicative of the comprehensive effects of VSD on cardiac physiology. Understanding these relationships is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with congenital heart defects. Early recognition of these signs and symptoms through auscultation is vital for timely intervention and management to prevent complications associated with VSD.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (RF), it is crucial to understand the criteria for determining an 'ACTIVE' state of the disease. The correct answer, D) Subcutaneous nodules, is not considered a defining feature of active RF. Explanation: A) Fever of > 38°C for at least 3 consecutive days: Fever is a common symptom of active inflammation in RF. B) Positive acute phase reactants: Elevated levels of acute phase reactants like C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicate active inflammation. C) Elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies: Increased levels of anti-streptococcal antibodies suggest an ongoing immune response to streptococcal infection, indicating active RF. D) Subcutaneous nodules: While subcutaneous nodules are a major criteria for the diagnosis of RF, their presence does not necessarily signify an 'ACTIVE' state of the disease. Educational Context: Understanding the clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria of RF is essential for pediatric nurses to provide quality care to children affected by this condition. Recognizing the signs of active disease helps in timely intervention and management to prevent complications such as cardiac involvement. By grasping the nuances of RF presentation, nurses can contribute effectively to the holistic care of pediatric patients with rheumatic fever.