Which of the following would be a consequence of renal failure?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Renal failure reduces erythropoietin (RBC synthesis), pH regulation (H+ excretion), and waste clearance (urea increase) all apply. Each consequence reflects lost kidney functions: EPO production, acid-base balance, and filtration. Ignoring any (RBC, pH, waste) underestimates failure's impact, making 'all' correct. This comprehensively links failure to systemic effects, key for clinical understanding, contrasting with partial outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bladder (vesicourethral canal) is endodermal not mesodermal (trigone), ectodermal, all, or mixed; cloacal endoderm forms it. This defines germ layer, key for embryology, contrasting with mesodermal trigone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The urinary system doesn't preserve water-sugar balance regulates water, electrolytes, not glucose (e.g., PCT reabsorbs all glucose). Blood pressure maintenance via renin true. Metabolic waste excretion (urea) core function. Acid-base balance via H /HCO₃⁻ correct. Water-sugar misaligns glucose isn't urinary-regulated distinguishing it, key to urinary specificity, unlike established roles.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Order is kidneys (production), ureters (transport), bladder (storage), urethra (excretion) e.g., anatomical flow. Urethra before bladder reverses impossible. Bladder first ignores production false. Correct sequence distinguishes it, key to urinary path, unlike disordered options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The nephron is the kidney's functional unit filters, reabsorbs, secretes (e.g., ~1 million/kidney). Neurons are neural not renal. Sinusoids are liver not kidney. Trigone is bladder not functional unit. Nephron's role distinguishes it, key to kidney function, unlike unrelated structures.