Which of the following women should be screened for breast cancer?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) A 59-year-old woman with no children who still gets her period every month. This woman should be screened for breast cancer because she is postmenopausal and has never given birth, both of which are risk factors for breast cancer. Postmenopausal women have a higher risk of developing breast cancer due to hormonal changes, and nulliparity (never having children) is also a known risk factor. Option A is less likely to need screening at 35 years old with no family history and three children, as family history and age are important factors in determining screening recommendations. Option C, a 25-year-old with one child, and Option D, a 17-year-old with one child, are both at lower risk due to their young age and early childbirth. This question provides a valuable educational context by highlighting the importance of considering age, parity, and menopausal status when determining breast cancer screening recommendations. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for healthcare providers to make informed decisions about screening practices for their patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B is the most negatively influential factor on the person's decision to stop abusing alcohol. The recent death of his wife from breast cancer may lead to intense emotional distress, grief, and potentially trigger or exacerbate his alcohol abuse as a coping mechanism. This traumatic event can significantly impede his ability to make rational decisions regarding his alcohol use and hinder his motivation to seek treatment. Option A, being Catholic, is not directly related to the individual's decision to stop alcohol abuse. Religion may play a role in some cases, but it is not as influential as the emotional impact of the death of a loved one. Option C, the expense of buying alcohol, could be a deterrent for some individuals, but in this case, the emotional distress from the loss of his wife would likely outweigh financial concerns. Option D, being educated on the dangers of excessive drinking, is typically a positive factor that can empower individuals to make informed choices. However, in the face of significant emotional trauma like the death of a spouse, this knowledge may not be enough to overcome the psychological impact and the coping mechanism of alcohol abuse. Educationally, this question highlights the complex interplay between emotional factors, coping mechanisms, and decision-making in individuals with substance abuse issues. It underscores the importance of understanding the individual's unique circumstances and emotional state when providing care and counseling for alcohol abuse. Effective interventions would need to address not only the physical aspects of addiction but also the emotional and psychological factors influencing the person's behavior.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D, "The individual will demonstrate proper use of the inhaler," is the correct psychomotor learning objective for a nurse developing a plan for a patient newly diagnosed with asthma. This objective focuses on the patient's ability to physically perform a specific skill, which is crucial in managing asthma effectively. By demonstrating the proper use of the inhaler, the patient can show that they have acquired the necessary skills to self-administer medication correctly. Option A, "The individual will understand how to correctly use an inhaler," is more focused on cognitive understanding rather than physical skill demonstration. While understanding is important, the ability to physically perform the correct steps is essential in asthma management. Option B, "The individual will realize the importance of using an inhaler correctly," focuses on the patient's awareness and perception rather than their ability to perform the required actions. While awareness is important, it does not necessarily translate to skill acquisition. Option C, "The individual will feel better when using the inhaler correctly," addresses the emotional aspect of using the inhaler but does not measure the patient's actual skill in using it correctly. In an educational context, developing clear and specific psychomotor learning objectives is crucial for assessing a patient's ability to perform necessary skills in healthcare settings. By focusing on demonstration and skill acquisition, nurses can ensure that patients have the practical knowledge needed to manage their condition effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) It serves as an overall guideline for the population. The use of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in developing a nutrition education presentation for a community group is helpful because DRIs provide specific reference values for the intake of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients for healthy individuals. DRIs are designed to guide healthy individuals of different age groups and genders to meet their nutrient requirements based on the latest scientific evidence. Option A is incorrect because while DRIs do consider different life stages and physiological conditions like pregnancy and aging, they are not solely focused on these specific groups. Option B is incorrect because although DRIs are based on well-researched data, they are not necessarily reviewed annually; updates are made periodically as new research emerges. Option C is incorrect because DRIs provide a range of nutrient intake values based on age, gender, and life stage, rather than prescribing specific amounts of nutrients on a daily basis, as individual needs may vary. In an educational context, understanding and utilizing DRIs can help healthcare professionals like community health nurses provide evidence-based recommendations on nutrition to promote health and prevent diseases within the community. It allows for tailored and accurate nutrition advice that considers the diverse needs of the population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, the correct answer, option A, emphasizes the importance of handwashing in preventing foodborne illnesses. Proper hand hygiene is a fundamental practice in food safety as it helps to reduce the transmission of harmful bacteria from hands to food. By washing hands thoroughly with warm water and soap for at least 30 seconds, students can significantly decrease the risk of food contamination. Option B, scrubbing fruits and vegetables with a produce brush, is a good practice but may not be as crucial as handwashing in terms of preventing foodborne illnesses. While cleaning produce is important to remove dirt and potential pesticide residues, the primary focus should be on hand hygiene. Option C, ensuring meat is cooked thoroughly, is also important in food safety. However, in this scenario, handwashing takes precedence as it addresses a broader range of potential sources of contamination. Option D, refrigerating leftovers promptly, is a key practice to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. While important, it is not as directly related to the topic of food safety practices in the same way handwashing is. In an educational context, emphasizing the significance of proper handwashing techniques serves as a foundational skill for maintaining good food safety practices. By understanding the rationale behind each option and prioritizing the most critical steps, students can develop a comprehensive understanding of how to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses in their daily lives.