Which of the following was a key principle in the development of the first public health policies in the 19th century?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sanitation and disease prevention. In the 19th century, public health policies focused on improving sanitary conditions and preventing the spread of diseases. This principle was key in reducing mortality rates and improving overall population health. Centralized government control of healthcare (A) was not as prominent during this period. Nationalized healthcare systems (C) and universal vaccination programs (D) were not widely implemented or emphasized in the 19th century. Sanitation and disease prevention were foundational pillars in shaping public health policies during this era.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because during the Progressive Era, significant efforts were made to address public health issues, particularly for child welfare. Community health programs focusing on child welfare were established to improve living conditions, nutrition, and overall well-being of children. This was a crucial public health achievement as it aimed to reduce infant mortality rates and improve the health outcomes of children. A: The Social Security Act was not created during the Progressive Era; it was established in 1935 as part of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. B: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was not established during the Progressive Era; it was founded in 1946 to address and prevent infectious diseases. D: The World Health Organization (WHO) was founded in 1948, after the Progressive Era, to address global health issues and promote public health worldwide.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The Institute of Medicine's 'The Future of Public Health' report. This landmark report published in 1988 emphasized the importance of population health and prevention, laying the foundation for modern public health policy. It highlighted the need for a shift from individual-focused healthcare to a population-based approach, focusing on prevention and community health. Incorrect options: A: The 2008 National Health Policy Report is incorrect as it was published in 2008, not 1988, and did not have the same impact on shaping public health policy. C: The 1988 Surgeon General's Report on Smoking is incorrect as it focused specifically on smoking and tobacco-related issues, not on broader population health and prevention. D: The 1974 Report on Social Determinants of Health is incorrect as it was published before the specified year and did not have the same emphasis on population health and prevention as the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The eradication of smallpox. This achievement is directly linked to the widespread distribution of vaccines in the 20th century, particularly the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner. Smallpox is the only infectious disease to have been eradicated globally, thanks to successful vaccination campaigns. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because tuberculosis, malaria, and polio have not been eradicated despite the availability of vaccines. Tuberculosis remains a major global health burden, malaria is still prevalent in many regions, and although significant progress has been made in reducing polio cases, it has not been completely eradicated.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 1798. The U.S. Public Health Service was established in 1798 by President John Adams. It was created to provide medical care to sick and disabled seamen. This date aligns with the historical timeline of the U.S. government's efforts to address public health concerns. Choice B: 1801 is incorrect as it does not match the established year of 1798. Choice C: 1850 and choice D: 1900 are also incorrect as they are much later dates and do not correspond to the establishment of the U.S. Public Health Service.