Which of the following types of study should the nurse researcher choose if the goal is to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a particular nursing intervention for senior citizens living in the community?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clinical trial. In this scenario, a clinical trial is the most appropriate study design to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a nursing intervention. Clinical trials involve the systematic study of interventions in human subjects to evaluate their effects on health outcomes. By conducting a clinical trial, the nurse researcher can control variables, monitor participants over an extended period, and assess the intervention's impact on senior citizens living in the community. Cross-sectional studies (A) are snapshots in time and do not provide information on long-term outcomes. Ecological studies (B) analyze population-level data and may not offer individual-level insights. Retrospective analysis (D) involves looking back at historical data and may not capture real-time long-term effects of interventions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The epidemiological triad consists of three components: agent, host, and environment. The agent is the cause of the disease, the host is the individual affected by the disease, and the environment includes external factors influencing the disease transmission. These factors interact to determine the occurrence and spread of diseases. Choice A is correct as it accurately represents the components of the epidemiological triad. Choices B, C, and D do not represent the complete triad and are therefore incorrect. Choice B focuses on descriptive aspects, while Choice C includes mode of transmission instead of the environment, and Choice D includes portal of entry and exit, but misses the host and environment components.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Experimental. In an experimental study, researchers randomly assign participants to different groups to test the effects of an intervention. In this case, participants are randomly assigned to receive either the currently available formulation or the new slow-release formulation of the blood pressure medication. This random assignment helps minimize bias and allows for causal inferences to be drawn. Incorrect Choices: B: Observational studies do not involve random assignment of participants to different groups receiving different interventions. C: Case-control studies compare individuals with a specific outcome to those without the outcome, but do not involve random assignment. D: Cohort studies follow a group of individuals over time based on exposure status, but do not involve random assignment to different interventions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Public health surveillance involves monitoring occurrences of public health problems to identify trends, patterns, and risk factors. This data helps in planning and implementing effective interventions to prevent and control diseases. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the primary action of surveillance. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the response to surveillance findings, not the primary purpose. Choice C is incorrect as it focuses on data collection rather than monitoring. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to contact tracing, which is a specific activity within surveillance but not its primary focus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prior vaccination with BCG. The rationale is that BCG vaccination can cause false-positive results in Mantoux TST testing due to cross-reactivity with the tuberculin protein. T-Spot testing, which is based on measuring T-cell response to TB antigens, is not affected by BCG vaccination. Summary of incorrect choices: B: Family member who is 10 years of age - Age is not a determining factor in choosing between T-Spot and Mantoux testing. C: Symptoms of night sweats, fevers, chills, and hemoptysis - These symptoms suggest active TB and would require further evaluation, not a choice between T-Spot and Mantoux testing. D: A negative chest X-ray and negative sputum testing for MTB - These results indicate absence of active TB but do not guide the choice between T-Spot and Mantoux testing.