Which of the following types of study should the nurse researcher choose if the goal is to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a particular nursing intervention for senior citizens living in the community?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clinical trial. A clinical trial is the most appropriate type of study to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a nursing intervention in senior citizens. Clinical trials involve controlled experimentation with participants assigned to different groups, allowing for comparison of outcomes over time. This design enables researchers to assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions in a systematic and rigorous manner. Explanation of why other choices are incorrect: A: Cross-sectional study - This type of study provides a snapshot of a population at a specific point in time and does not allow for the assessment of long-term benefits and risks. B: Ecological study - Focuses on group-level data rather than individual-level data, making it less suitable for assessing individual outcomes over time. D: Retrospective analysis - Involves looking back at historical data, which may not provide the necessary controlled environment to evaluate the long-term effects of a nursing intervention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Agent, host, environment. In the epidemiological triad, these factors interact to determine the occurrence and distribution of a disease. The agent is the cause of the disease, the host is the individual affected, and the environment includes external factors influencing the disease transmission. This triad helps in understanding the dynamics of disease spread. Choice B focuses on elements of descriptive epidemiology, not the triad. Choice C includes elements of the chain of infection, not the triad. Choice D includes components of the chain of infection, not the triad.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Experimental. In an experimental study, researchers actively manipulate the variables, in this case, assigning individuals to receive different formulations of the blood pressure medication. This allows for controlled comparisons between the two formulations. Observational studies (B) do not involve intervention or manipulation. Case-control studies (C) compare individuals with a certain condition to those without, and cohort studies (D) follow a group of individuals over time to observe outcomes, but they do not involve random assignment of interventions like in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because public health surveillance involves monitoring occurrences of public health problems to understand patterns, trends, and risk factors. It helps in detecting outbreaks, planning interventions, and evaluating the effectiveness of public health programs. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the response to surveillance findings, not surveillance itself. Choice C is incorrect as surveillance involves systematic data collection rather than gathering information from community members. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to contact tracing, which is a specific activity within outbreak investigation, not surveillance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Prior BCG vaccination can cause false-positive results in Mantoux TST testing. Step 2: T-Spot testing is unaffected by prior BCG vaccination, making it more reliable in this case. Step 3: Choosing T-Spot over Mantoux will provide a more accurate assessment of TB infection. Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A. Summary of other choices: B: Age of family member is not a factor in choosing between T-Spot and Mantoux. C: Symptoms indicate active TB, which would require further diagnostic testing, not just T-Spot. D: Negative chest X-ray and sputum tests suggest no active TB, but doesn't impact choice of T-Spot over Mantoux.