Which of the following types of insulin is “long-acting”?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glargine insulin, commonly known by the brand name Lantus, is a long-acting type of insulin. It is designed to provide a steady level of insulin over an extended period, usually lasting up to 24 hours. This type of insulin is often used as a basal insulin to help control blood sugar levels between meals and overnight. In contrast, Lispro (Humalog) is a rapid-acting insulin used to manage blood sugar spikes after meals, NPH (Humulin N) is an intermediate-acting insulin, and Regular insulin (Humulin R) is a short-acting insulin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nitroglycerin is a medication commonly used in the treatment of angina pectoris (chest pain) and heart failure. Its primary action is to dilate the coronary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. By dilating these arteries, nitroglycerin helps to increase blood flow to the heart and reduce the workload on the heart muscle, thereby relieving chest pain and improving overall heart function. This vasodilatory effect of nitroglycerin also helps in reducing blood pressure and increasing oxygen supply to the heart. Therefore, the correct action of nitroglycerin is to dilate the coronary arteries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Ondansetron is typically administered orally, commonly in the form of tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, or liquid solution. The medication is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally, making it an effective route of administration for managing nausea and vomiting. SubQ (subcutaneous), sublingual, and buccal routes are not typical routes of administration for ondansetron.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Anxiolytic agents are drugs that help relieve anxiety. Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs commonly used as anxiolytics due to their ability to enhance the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity. By increasing the inhibitory actions of GABA, benzodiazepines can produce calming and sedative effects, making them effective in treating anxiety disorders. Morphine, promethazine, atropine sulfate, and hyoscine are not typically used as anxiolytic agents.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Saliva is not a common route for drug excretion. Drugs are primarily excreted from the body through various routes such as the kidneys (urine), lungs (exhaled air), gastrointestinal tract (feces), and tears (through the eyes). Saliva does not play a major role in drug excretion, as most drugs are not significantly eliminated through saliva.