Which of the following tests is most effective in diagnosing hemophilia?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is the most effective test in diagnosing hemophilia. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that results in prolonged clotting times due to deficiencies in specific clotting factors, such as factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). PTT is a screening test that evaluates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and helps identify deficiencies in clotting factors. In patients with hemophilia, PTT is typically prolonged due to the reduced activity of the deficient clotting factor. Therefore, measuring PTT can aid in the diagnosis of hemophilia by assessing the clotting function and identifying specific clotting factor deficiencies. Other tests like bleeding time, CBC, and platelet count are important in evaluating overall bleeding tendencies, but they are not as specific for diagnosing hemophilia as the PTT test.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Epiglottiditis is always considered a medical emergency due to the potential risk of airway obstruction. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that prevents food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing. If the epiglottis becomes inflamed or infected, it can swell and block the airway, making it difficult or impossible for the person to breathe. This obstruction can rapidly progress to a life-threatening situation if not treated promptly. Therefore, epiglottiditis requires immediate medical attention to ensure the airway remains open and the individual can breathe properly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory condition that can affect different parts of the body, including the joints. The typical physical finding in a child with rheumatic fever is warm and swollen joints, especially in the knees and elbows. This is known as migratory arthritis and is one of the major criteria in the Jones criteria for diagnosing rheumatic fever. Other major criteria include carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, and Sydenham chorea. So, in a 7-year-old child diagnosed with rheumatic fever, the nurse would expect to assess warm and swollen joints as part of the physical examination.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hip dysplasia in infants is often managed initially with a Pavlik Harness, which helps maintain the hips in the correct position for optimum development. The Pavlik Harness is typically worn for a period of 3 to 5 months, depending on the severity of the hip dysplasia and the response to treatment. If the dysplasia is more severe or does not respond well to the Pavlik Harness, further interventions such as hip spica casting or surgery may be required, but the initial treatment is usually with the Pavlik Harness.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most common symptom of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) that causes a patient to seek medical attention is pain. Joint pain is a hallmark symptom of JRA and can range from mild discomfort to severe pain. This pain can be persistent or intermittent, and it often worsens with movement or activity. Pain is a significant factor that leads patients to seek medical evaluation in order to diagnose and manage their condition. While joint swelling, limited movement, and fatigue are also common symptoms of JRA, pain is typically the primary reason patients seek medical attention.