Which of the following terms matches: water and electrolytes (clear)?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Transudate is a fluid that is clear, consisting mainly of water and electrolytes, with low protein content, and it results from imbalances in hydrostatic or osmotic pressure, often seen in conditions like heart failure. Exudate, by contrast, is thicker, containing proteins, cells, and debris, typically from inflammation or infection, and is not clear. Serosanguineous fluid is a mix of serum and blood, giving it a pinkish or reddish tint, not purely clear. Induration refers to hardened tissue, not a fluid. Since the question specifies 'water and electrolytes (clear),' transudate fits the description best as it matches the characteristics of a clear, watery fluid with electrolytes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Eczema, particularly atopic dermatitis, is a chronic condition causing an itchy, blistering rash, often with small fluid-filled vesicles that can weep or crust. Keloids are firm scars, not rashes. Seborrhea produces oily scales, not blisters. Urticaria causes itchy welts, but they're typically not blistering. Eczema fits the description of a rash that is both blistering (in acute phases) and intensely itchy, aligning with its clinical presentation, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Epidermal layers have distinct roles and compositions. The stratum germinativum is the basal layer where cell division occurs, producing cells that eventually keratinize, but it is not primarily associated with keratin itself. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer, is packed with keratin, not melanocytes, which are found in the stratum germinativum and produce melanin. The stratum granulosum is where keratinization begins, with cells accumulating keratin as they die and move upward, making it a fitting match for keratin. The stratum lucidum, present only in thick skin, consists of dead, keratinized cells but lacks blood vessels, which are exclusive to the dermis. The correct pairing hinges on the layer most directly tied to keratin production and accumulation. The stratum granulosum's role in this process forming keratohyalin granules and initiating the transition to the stratum corneum makes it the strongest match, aligning with histological descriptions of epidermal differentiation and keratin's protective function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The skin contains various sensory receptors that detect stimuli like pressure, touch, temperature, and pain. Pacinian corpuscles are deep in the dermis and hypodermis, sensing deep pressure and vibration. Free nerve endings, widespread in the epidermis and dermis, detect pain, temperature, and light touch. Ruffini corpuscles, also in the dermis, respond to skin stretch and sustained pressure. Krause corpuscles (listed elsewhere in the document) sense cold. All listed options Pacinian corpuscles, free nerve endings, and Ruffini corpuscles are indeed integumentary sensory receptors, each with specialized roles in mechanoreception or nociception. 'None of the above' implies that all are receptors, which is correct here, as no non-receptor is listed. The skin's sensory array supports its role as a sensory organ, and excluding any of these would misrepresent its capabilities. Thus, the option indicating all are receptors aligns with their documented presence and function in the integument.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The dermis consists of two layers: the papillary (upper) and reticular (lower), both primarily made of connective tissue, including collagen and elastin fibers, which provide strength, elasticity, and support. The papillary layer has loose connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves, while the reticular layer is denser with thick collagen bundles. Melanocytes, which produce pigment, are found in the epidermis, not the dermis. Keratinocytes, the main epidermal cells, form the skin's outer layers, not the dermis. Adipose tissue is characteristic of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis, not within it. The connective tissue composition of the dermis is fundamental to its structural and protective roles, making it the correct answer.