Which of the following terms matches the statement: to increase the fibrous element; to make hard as in the presence of cellulites?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Induration refers to the hardening of tissue due to an increase in fibrous elements, often seen in conditions like cellulitis (likely meant by 'cellulites' in the question, a common typo), where inflammation causes tissue to become firm and thickened. Necrosis is the death of tissue, not hardening, and presents as black or discolored areas. Eschar is a specific type of necrotic tissue forming a thick, leathery layer, but it's not about increasing fibrous elements broadly. Maceration is the softening of tissue due to moisture, the opposite of hardening. Induration fits the description of fibrous hardening in inflammatory conditions like cellulitis, making it the correct term.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The integumentary system is a complex structure that serves as the body's outer covering, including skin, hair, nails, and glands. While 'iatcgument-gland' appears to be a typo and does not make sense in this context, 'integument-tissue' refers to the skin as a type of tissue, which is accurate but incomplete. The term 'integument-organ' is the most appropriate because the integumentary system is classified as an organ system in anatomy, encompassing multiple tissues (epithelial, connective, etc.) working together. 'All the above' would only be correct if all pairs were valid, but the first option is not, likely due to a transcription error. The focus on the integument as an organ aligns with its role in protection, temperature regulation, and sensory reception, making it more than just a tissue or a gland-related structure. Thus, the precise pairing is one that recognizes its status as an organ, reflecting its integrated functions and anatomical significance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The dermis, a thick layer beneath the epidermis, is a complex structure with multiple components and functions. It is highly vascular, with blood vessels supplying nutrients and aiding in thermoregulation. It contains reticular and elastic fibers for strength and flexibility, as well as smooth muscle (e.g., arrector pili muscles) and numerous nerve endings for sensation. However, it does not give rise to sebaceous and sweat glands. These glands originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, invaginating downward into the dermis as they mature. Sebaceous glands secrete oil, and sweat glands produce sweat, both budding from epidermal tissue, not dermal. This embryological distinction is critical: while the dermis hosts these glands and supports them with blood and nerve supply, their cellular origin is epidermal. The statement is false because it misattributes the developmental source of these glands, contradicting histological and developmental biology principles.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Skin coloration reflects physiological and genetic factors. Yellowish tones in some Oriental skin result from carotene, a dietary pigment accumulating in the stratum corneum, which is accurate. Tanning occurs when sunlight stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, darkening the skin as a UV shield, a correct pairing. Albinism, a hereditary condition, arises from defective melanin synthesis, leading to little or no pigmentation, also true. However, cyanosis a bluish skin tint occurs due to low oxygen levels in the blood (deoxygenated hemoglobin), not oxygenated blood, which appears red. This mismatch misrepresents cyanosis's cause, as oxygenated blood in capillaries gives skin a pinkish hue, while deoxygenation shifts it to blue. The error lies in linking cyanosis to the wrong blood state, contradicting basic circulatory and dermatological principles, making it the odd one out.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, is a fatty layer beneath the dermis that protects underlying organs by cushioning them, helps maintain body temperature through insulation, and serves as a long-term energy storage site via adipose tissue. However, it is not a source of blood vessels in the epidermis. The epidermis itself is avascular (lacking blood vessels), relying on diffusion from the papillary dermis, not the hypodermis, for nutrients. The hypodermis does contain larger blood vessels, but they supply the dermis, not directly the epidermis. This distinction in vascular anatomy excludes the hypodermis as a direct source for epidermal blood vessels, making it the correct choice for what is not a function.