Which of the following symptoms is relevant to the respiratory system?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cough. Cough is a symptom directly related to the respiratory system, indicating irritation or inflammation in the airways. Polyuria (A) is excessive urination related to the kidneys or endocrine system. Nausea (C) is associated with the gastrointestinal system. Dysphagia (D) is difficulty swallowing, which is related to the esophagus and not the respiratory system. Therefore, cough is the only symptom directly relevant to the respiratory system.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis for the 45-year-old woman with chronic back pain, tenderness over the lower lumbar spine, and a history of rheumatoid arthritis is mechanical low back pain (Choice D). 1. Chronic dull, aching, constant pain with no radiation is characteristic of mechanical low back pain. 2. Presence of tenderness over the lower lumbar spine suggests a musculoskeletal origin, consistent with mechanical low back pain. 3. History of rheumatoid arthritis increases the likelihood of musculoskeletal issues like mechanical low back pain. Summary: - A: Osteoporotic fracture is less likely due to absence of acute onset, severe pain, and risk factors like advanced age or prolonged corticosteroid use. - B: Herniated disc typically presents with radicular pain (radiating pain down the leg), which is not described in this case. - C: Spinal stenosis usually presents with neurogenic claudication (pain with walking) and neurological

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis is gout (Choice C) based on the patient's presentation of red, painful, and swollen knee, with a history of gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to acute flares of pain and swelling. The characteristic features of gout include sudden onset of symptoms, typically affecting one joint at a time, with warmth, erythema, and tenderness. In this case, the patient's history of gout and the classic presentation of an acutely inflamed joint support the diagnosis. Osteoarthritis (Choice A) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by gradual onset of joint pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. It typically affects weight-bearing joints and is not associated with acute inflammation as seen in gout. Rheumatoid arthritis (Choice B) is an autoimmune disease that causes symmetrical joint pain, morning stiffness, and joint deformities

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis for a 50-year-old man with chronic cough and a history of smoking is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). 1) History of smoking is a major risk factor for COPD. 2) Chronic cough is a common symptom of COPD due to airway inflammation and mucus production. 3) COPD typically develops over years of smoking. Other choices are less likely: B) Pneumonia usually presents with acute symptoms; C) Lung cancer may present with cough but usually in later stages; D) Tuberculosis is less common in a chronic smoker without other risk factors. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Esophageal cancer. Given the patient's age, symptoms of progressive dysphagia, and risk factors such as smoking and heavy alcohol use, esophageal cancer is the most likely diagnosis. Further evaluation with imaging studies and endoscopy is warranted to confirm the diagnosis. B: Achalasia is less likely as it typically presents with dysphagia to both solids and liquids, not just worsening dysphagia over time. C: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may cause heartburn and regurgitation but is less likely to present with progressive dysphagia. D: Peptic ulcer disease typically presents with abdominal pain and may cause dysphagia if there is stricture formation but is less likely in this case.