Which of the following subtypes of Hodgkin's lymphoma is common in young women and has good prognosis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nodular sclerosis subtype of Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is common in young women due to its peak incidence in the 20s-30s. This subtype has a good prognosis as it is the most indolent with a high cure rate. It is characterized by fibrotic bands dividing the lymph node into nodules, containing lacunar (Reed-Sternberg) cells. The other choices (B: Mixed cellularity, C: Lymphocyte predominance, D: Lymphocyte depletion) are incorrect: B: Mixed cellularity is more common in older adults and has a less favorable prognosis. C: Lymphocyte predominance is rare and has a favorable prognosis, but it is more common in young males, not young women. D: Lymphocyte depletion is rare, aggressive, and associated with a poor prognosis, not common in young women.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Defects in the peripheral proteins. Spherocytosis is characterized by spherical-shaped red blood cells due to defects in the peripheral proteins of the cell membrane, such as spectrin or ankyrin. This results in decreased membrane stability and fragility, leading to hemolysis. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Choice A is not the most likely cause as spherocytosis is primarily due to defects in peripheral proteins, not integral proteins. Choice C is incorrect as "ropalux" is not a known factor in spherocytosis. Choice D is incorrect as sickle-shaped cells are characteristic of sickle cell anemia, not spherocytosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: RA with excess blasts in transformation. This type has the poorest prognosis as it represents a progression to acute myeloid leukemia, which is associated with a high mortality rate. In the FAB system, this category indicates a higher blast count than RA with excess blasts (choice C), leading to a worse outcome. Choices A and B are associated with a lower risk of progression to AML compared to choices C and D. Therefore, D is the correct answer due to its direct association with the most aggressive form of the disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chronic myelocytic leukemia. This is suggested by the presence of increased numbers of neutrophils, band cells, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes in the peripheral blood smear, which are characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia. Basophils and eosinophils are also increased in CML. Platelets may be increased due to reactive thrombocytosis. Acute myeloid leukemia (A) typically presents with more blasts in the peripheral blood. Acute lymphoid leukemia (B) would show lymphoblasts instead of myeloid cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (D) is characterized by an increase in mature lymphocytes, not myeloid cells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phlebotomus species. Phlebotomus species are the main vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in the Asian region. These sandfly species are known to transmit the Leishmania parasite, which causes the disease. Phlebotomus species are prevalent in the Asian region and have been identified through various studies as the primary vector for visceral leishmaniasis transmission. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Lutzomyia species are primarily found in the Americas and are the main vectors for leishmaniasis in that region. C: Anopheles species are known to transmit malaria, not visceral leishmaniasis. D: Mansonia species are primarily associated with transmitting diseases such as filariasis and dengue fever, not visceral leishmaniasis in the Asian region.