Which of the following structures lies posterior to body of pancreas:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Splenic vein. The splenic vein lies posterior to the body of the pancreas. Step 1: Locate the pancreas in the abdominal cavity. Step 2: Identify the structures behind the body of the pancreas. Step 3: The splenic vein runs posterior to the body of the pancreas, making it the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect because A: IVC is located more inferiorly, B: Portal vein is located more superiorly, and C: Common bile duct is located more anteriorly to the body of the pancreas.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct: 1. The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal glands. 2. It secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline during the fight-or-flight response. 3. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and provide energy for emergencies. 4. This physiological response helps the body deal with stressful situations. 5. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the adrenal medulla is not primarily controlled by ACTH, does not secrete steroids, and does not secrete iodine-containing hormones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing hyperthyroidism. This is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. Cushing syndrome (A) is caused by excess cortisol, not thyroid hormones. Addison's disease (C) is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. ADH hypersecretion (D) refers to excessive production of antidiuretic hormone, not thyroid hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is Graves' disease due to its direct association with hyperthyroidism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. 2. TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. 3. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, not calcitonin. 4. It is not secreted by the neurohypophysis or stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete TRH. Therefore, choice D is correct as it accurately describes the function and origin of TSH.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells. 2. Hypersecretion of insulin would lead to increased glucose uptake, decreasing blood sugar levels, not causing hyperglycemia. 3. Cortisol, growth hormone, and epinephrine can all contribute to hyperglycemia by increasing blood sugar levels through various mechanisms. 4. Therefore, insulin is the least likely hormone to cause hyperglycemia due to its role in lowering blood sugar levels.