Which of the following stones is most likely to be seen on X-ray

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pigment gallstones are radiopaque (~50%) calcium bilirubinate, visible on X-ray, unlike urate (radiolucent), cholesterol (bile, rare), or struvite (renal, not bile). Gallbladder context fits common site. Radiopacity distinguishes it, key to imaging detection, unlike ureteral or mislocated stones.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Chronic glomerulonephritis features hyalinized glomeruli, granular subcapsular surface, shrunken kidneys, and prior disease history not normal calyces, enlargement, or no history. Hyalinization marks end-stage scarring, critical for diagnosis, contrasting with acute features like normal surfaces or enlarged kidneys typical of early inflammation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullipin I (hypotensive) isn't linked to peritubular capillary endothelium, unlike PCT (brush border), bladder (transitional), DCT (macula densa), and afferent arterioles (renin). This corrects renal associations, key for physiology, contrasting with true pairings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: DCT reabsorbs Na+, Cl-, and water (ADH-dependent), but secretes K+ not reabsorbed. This distinguishes DCT ion handling, key for electrolyte balance, contrasting with reabsorption norms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mesangial cells are between capillaries, within lamina, phagocytic, and maintain it not part of JGA (JG cells, macula densa). This corrects mesangial role, key for glomerular function, contrasting with JGA involvement.