Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) actually causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume decreases, not increase. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to concentrated urine and conservation of body fluids. Rationale summary: A: True, hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to sterility in both males and females. C: False, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, breastfeeding, social bonding, and stress responses, not just during childbirth and nursing. D: True, luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The mouth. Starch digestion begins in the mouth due to the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates digestion before food reaches the stomach or small intestine. The other choices are incorrect because oesophagus primarily serves as a passage for food, the small intestine is where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur, and the stomach's main role is to break down proteins with the enzyme pepsin, not starch.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fats. Fats take the longest to digest due to their complex structure, requiring more time and effort for the stomach to break them down. This slow digestion process leads to fats staying in the stomach longer compared to carbohydrates and proteins. Carbohydrates are typically broken down relatively quickly, while proteins take longer than carbohydrates but are still processed more efficiently than fats. Therefore, fats remain in the stomach longest among the given options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C) 8 hours. Fasting for at least 8 hours is necessary to ensure accurate results of a fasting blood glucose analysis. This time period allows the body to metabolize any food consumed, resulting in a baseline blood glucose level. Failing to fast for the required duration can lead to elevated blood glucose levels due to recent food intake, providing inaccurate results. Option A) 2 hours is too short of a fasting period to accurately reflect baseline blood glucose levels. Option B) 4 hours is also insufficient for the body to metabolize food completely, leading to inaccurate results. Option D) 12 hours is too long of a fasting period and may lead to hypoglycemia in some individuals, making it unnecessary for a routine fasting blood glucose test. In an educational context, understanding the importance of fasting duration for blood tests is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide accurate diagnoses and treatment plans. Patients must be educated on the proper fasting requirements to ensure reliable test results, leading to appropriate medical interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In managing diabetes, the timing of insulin administration is crucial to achieve optimal blood glucose control. The correct answer, option D - "At mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals," is the most appropriate timing for administering lispro insulin. Lispro insulin is a rapid-acting insulin that is designed to mimic the body's natural insulin response to meals. By administering lispro insulin at mealtime or shortly thereafter, it helps to cover the rise in blood sugar that occurs after eating, thus preventing postprandial hyperglycemia. Option A, "Only once a day," is incorrect because lispro insulin is a rapid-acting insulin that needs to be administered multiple times a day to match the body's natural insulin production and control blood sugar levels effectively throughout the day. Option B, "1 hour before meals," is incorrect because lispro insulin is a rapid-acting insulin that is designed to act quickly after administration. Administering it 1 hour before meals may lead to mismatched insulin action and mealtime glucose levels. Option C, "30 to 45 minutes before meals," is also incorrect because although it is closer to the correct timing, the peak action of lispro insulin is around 30 minutes after administration. Administering it too early before meals may lead to hypoglycemia before the meal is consumed. In an educational context, understanding the timing of insulin administration is fundamental for healthcare professionals caring for patients with diabetes. Proper insulin timing can help prevent complications such as hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, leading to better management of the disease and improved patient outcomes. It is essential to educate both patients and healthcare providers on the appropriate timing of insulin administration to ensure safe and effective diabetes management.