Which of the following statements regarding Non-REM sleep is correct?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Increased growth hormone secretion . Non-REM, especially slow-wave sleep (Stage 3), boosts growth hormone release, aiding repair, per endocrine studies. Choice A is false; reflexdecrease in sleep. Choice B is incorrect; heart rate drops in Non-REM. Choice D is wrong; three stag(N1, N2, N3) vary N3 is deepest. is false; cerebral blood flow decreasvs. REM. Cs truth growth hormone peaks in deep Non-REM, critical for children contrasts with the physiological errors of A, B, D, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Somatostatin . Biogenic aminserotonin , adrenaline , norepinephrine , dopamine are monoamine neurotransmitters derived from amino acids (e.g., tyrosine, tryptophan). Somatostatin, a peptide hormone, regulatneuroendocrine function, not a monoamine. A-Ds rolin mood, arousal (e.g., serotonin in depression) contrast with peptide nature, inhibiting growth hormone. Per biochemistry, biogenic aminshare synthesis pathways (e.g., decarboxylation), excluding E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The sense of smell begins to develop in utero, and by the time of birth, a newborns olfactory system is sufficiently mature to detect and respond to odors reliably. Studishow that newborns can distinguish their mothers scent shortly after birth, indicating that smell can be tested reliably at birth . At the 32nd week of gestation , while the olfactory system is forming, the fetus is not yet exposed to air-based odors, and testing is impractical. By three months or six months of age, smell is certainly developed further, but the question asks for the earliest reliable point, which is birth. The ability to test smell at birth is supported by neonatal behavioral responsto olfactory stimuli, making B the correct choice over later developmental stages.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cutaneous lesions over the spine may signal underlying spinal dysraphism, necessitating imaging. A hairy patch , subcutaneous mass or lipoma , and dermal sinus are associated with neural tube defects like spina bifida, requiring MRI or ultrasound to assess for tethered cord or other anomalies. Coccygeal pits , however, are typically benign dimplnear the coccyx, not usually linked to significant spinal pathology unless accompanied by other signs (e.g., infection). Unlike the other options, coccygeal pits alone do not routinely warrant imaging, making D the exception and correct answer. This distinction arisfrom their lower risk profile compared to the more concerning midline lesions in A, B, and C, which have stronger embryologic tito spinal defects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Communicating hydrocephalus results from impaired CSF absorption, often post-inflammatory or hemorrhagic events. Subarachnoid hemorrhage , pneumococcal meningitis , and tuberculous meningitis can cause this by scarring arachnoid villi, blocking CSF uptake. Leukemic infiltratmay similarly obstruct absorption. A vein of Galen malformation , however, is a vascular anomaly causing obstructive (non-communicating) hydrocephalus by compressing the aqueduct or posterior fossa, not a communicating type. Thus, D is the exception and correct answer, as it donot align with the mechanism of nonobstructive hydrocephalus.