Which of the following statements is true concerning susceptibility to pertussis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Most children are highly susceptible from birth. In pediatric nursing, understanding the susceptibility to pertussis is crucial for providing appropriate care and preventive measures. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that can be severe, especially in young children. This disease is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Option A is incorrect because neonates are not immune to pertussis in the first few months of life. In fact, infants are at high risk of severe complications from pertussis due to their immature immune systems. Option B is incorrect because although passive immunity can be passed from mother to infant through maternal antibodies, this protection is not guaranteed and is not a reliable method of prevention against pertussis. Option C is incorrect because children younger than 1 year are actually at higher risk of contracting pertussis due to their vulnerability to infections and the fact that they are not fully vaccinated yet. The correct answer, D, highlights the vulnerability of most children to pertussis from birth due to their lack of immunity and susceptibility to infections. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination and preventive measures to protect children from this potentially serious disease. Pediatric nurses play a key role in educating parents about the need for timely vaccination and recognizing the signs and symptoms of pertussis to ensure early intervention and treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) condom. Condoms are the most commonly used method for contraception due to their effectiveness in preventing both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Condoms are easily accessible, affordable, and do not require a prescription, making them a popular choice for many individuals. Option B) withdrawal, also known as the "pull-out method," is not as reliable as condoms because it relies on the male partner's ability to withdraw before ejaculation, which can lead to a higher risk of pregnancy. Option C) oral contraceptive pills are highly effective in preventing pregnancy but require a prescription and consistent daily use, which may not be suitable for everyone. They are not as commonly used as condoms due to these factors. Option D) spermicides are chemicals that kill sperm but are not as effective as condoms in preventing pregnancy. They are often used in combination with other contraceptive methods for increased effectiveness. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to be knowledgeable about different contraceptive methods to provide accurate information and support to adolescents and their families. Understanding the effectiveness, accessibility, and potential risks of each method helps in facilitating informed decision-making regarding sexual health and contraception. It is essential for pediatric nurses to promote comprehensive sexual health education and provide non-judgmental, evidence-based information to empower adolescents to make healthy choices.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the complications of mechanical ventilation is crucial for providing safe and effective care to critically ill children. In this context, the correct answer, option D, "decreased surfactant production," is not a recognized complication of mechanical ventilation related to high tidal volume and/or inspiratory pressure. Option A, volutrauma, occurs due to overdistention of alveoli from high tidal volumes, leading to lung injury. Option B, barotrauma, results from excessive pressure damage to the lung tissues. Option C, oxytrauma, refers to lung injury caused by exposure to high levels of oxygen during mechanical ventilation. Educationally, it is essential for pediatric nurses to understand the potential complications of mechanical ventilation to monitor and manage these patients effectively. By knowing the differences between volutrauma, barotrauma, oxytrauma, and other complications, nurses can provide individualized care and prevent further harm to pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation. This knowledge is critical for enhancing patient outcomes and reducing the risk of iatrogenic complications in the pediatric population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In preterm infants, the most common cause of perinatal mortality is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). RDS occurs due to immature lung development, resulting in insufficient surfactant production, leading to difficulty in oxygen exchange. This condition can be life-threatening if not promptly managed. Option A is correct because RDS is a significant concern in preterm infants and a leading cause of mortality in this population. Providing respiratory support and surfactant replacement therapy can greatly improve outcomes. Option B, intraventricular hemorrhage, is a common complication in preterm infants but is not the primary cause of perinatal mortality. It is often associated with prematurity and can lead to long-term neurological issues. Option C, necrotizing enterocolitis, is a severe gastrointestinal condition seen in premature infants, but it is not the most common cause of perinatal mortality in this population. Option D, sepsis, is a serious infection that can affect preterm infants, but it is not the primary cause of perinatal mortality in this group. Educationally, understanding the common causes of perinatal mortality in preterm infants is crucial for healthcare providers working in neonatal care. Recognizing and promptly addressing respiratory distress syndrome can significantly impact the outcomes of these vulnerable patients. Nurses and other healthcare professionals caring for preterm infants must be knowledgeable about the conditions that can affect this population to provide optimal care and improve survival rates.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Scald burn on side of face, neck, and shoulder, which is suggestive of child abuse. This pattern is concerning because it indicates that the burn occurred in a specific and intentional manner, such as immersion in hot water or forced contact with a hot object. This distribution is often seen when a child's caregiver intentionally harms them, leading to suspicions of abuse. Option B) Burn on the palm of the hand is a common accidental burn pattern, typically resulting from touching a hot object or surface. While it can be painful and serious, it is not specific to child abuse. Option C) Glove distribution burns on both hands and wrists could be seen in accidental scenarios where a child grabs a hot object or is exposed to a hot substance. This pattern is not unique to abuse cases. Option D) Burn on the calf and thigh of one leg is also more indicative of an accidental burn, such as touching a hot surface or being exposed to flames in a non-abusive situation. In a pediatric nursing context, recognizing suspicious burn patterns is crucial for identifying potential cases of child abuse. Educating healthcare professionals about these distinctive patterns can help in early detection and intervention, ensuring the safety and well-being of vulnerable children. It is essential for nurses to be vigilant, document findings accurately, and report any concerns following proper protocols to protect children at risk.