Which of the following statements is correct for lithium?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decrease catecholamine-related activity. Lithium is known to decrease the activity of catecholamines, including norepinephrine and dopamine, by inhibiting their release and synthesis. This action helps in stabilizing mood and is why lithium is commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. A: Stimulating dopamine and beta-adrenergic receptors is incorrect as lithium does not directly affect these receptors. C: Stimulating the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity is incorrect as lithium does not enhance dopamine receptor sensitivity. D: Decreasing cholinergic activity is incorrect as lithium primarily affects catecholamines, not cholinergic neurotransmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Restlessness, anxiety, orthostatic hypotension, seizures, tremor, hallucination, and psychosis are symptoms commonly associated with withdrawal from a substance. Step 2: Withdrawal occurs when a person stops using a substance they have developed a physical dependence on. Step 3: Tolerance refers to the body's decreased response to a substance over time, not withdrawal symptoms. Step 4: Drug interactions between barbiturate and diazepam would not typically cause the wide range of symptoms mentioned. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is B (Withdrawal) as it aligns with the symptoms described.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Sevoflurane is metabolized in the liver to release fluoride ions, which can lead to nephrotoxicity. 2. Fluoride ions can cause renal toxicity by forming calcium fluoride deposits in the renal tubules. 3. This can result in renal tubular dysfunction and acute kidney injury. 4. Halothane is hepatotoxic, not nephrotoxic. Nitrous oxide and diethyl ether do not cause nephrotoxicity. Summary: B: Sevoflurane is correct due to fluoride ion release causing nephrotoxicity. A, C, D are incorrect as they do not cause nephrotoxicity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aluminium hydroxide. It causes constipation by absorbing water in the intestines, leading to hardened stools. Sodium bicarbonate (A) is an antacid and can cause diarrhea. Calcium carbonate (C) and magnesium oxide (D) are also antacids that can lead to diarrhea due to their laxative effect by increasing water in the intestines.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Heart failure. Fibrinolytic drugs are not typically used in the treatment of heart failure because they are primarily used to dissolve blood clots. In central deep venous thrombosis (A), multiple pulmonary emboli (B), and acute myocardial infarction (D), the formation of blood clots is a major concern, making fibrinolytic drugs an appropriate treatment option to break down these clots and restore blood flow. In contrast, heart failure does not involve the presence of blood clots, so fibrinolytic drugs would not be effective in managing this condition.