Which of the following statements correctly describe the peritoneum?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the peritoneum is indeed the largest serous membrane in the body. It lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it, providing lubrication and reducing friction. Choice B is incorrect because the peritoneum is a serous membrane, not a synovial membrane (Choice C) or a mucous membrane (Choice D). The peritoneum does not secrete synovial fluid like synovial membranes or produce mucus like mucous membranes. Hence, Choice A is the only statement that accurately describes the peritoneum.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A: Withdraws the NPH dose into the syringe first. This action is incorrect because when mixing regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe, it is essential to withdraw the clear (regular) insulin first before withdrawing the cloudy (NPH) insulin. This sequence is crucial to prevent the cloudy insulin from contaminating the clear insulin vial with its suspension particles. Option B is incorrect as injecting air into the NPH vial first can lead to air bubbles or contamination in the vial. Option C is incorrect because removing air bubbles after withdrawing the first insulin is a standard practice in insulin administration. Option D is incorrect because adding air into the regular vial and withdrawing the dose is the correct procedure for withdrawing the regular insulin after the NPH insulin. Educationally, it is vital for patients with diabetes to understand the proper technique for mixing insulins to ensure correct dosing and efficacy of treatment. Understanding the sequence of withdrawing insulins from vials and the importance of preventing contamination is essential for safe and effective self-administration of insulin therapy. Proper education and demonstration of insulin mixing techniques can empower patients to manage their diabetes effectively and prevent complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) HHS requires greater fluid replacement to correct the dehydration. In diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), the primary issue is the presence of ketones and acidosis due to insulin deficiency. Treatment involves insulin administration, fluid replacement, and correction of electrolyte imbalances. Bicarbonate administration is not routinely recommended as the acidosis corrects with insulin therapy. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) is characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without significant ketoacidosis. In HHS, there is a marked increase in serum osmolality leading to severe dehydration. Therefore, fluid replacement is crucial in HHS to correct the dehydration and hyperosmolality. Option A is incorrect as bicarbonate administration is not a primary treatment for DKA. Option B is incorrect because potassium replacement is essential in both DKA and HHS due to electrolyte imbalances. Option D is incorrect because glucose administration is necessary in HHS to correct the hyperglycemia gradually and avoid osmotic shifts. Understanding the differences in treatment approaches for DKA and HHS is crucial for healthcare providers managing patients with diabetes. Recognizing the specific needs of each condition ensures appropriate and effective management, thereby preventing potential complications and improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Urine specific gravity. When a patient presents with symptoms of diabetes insipidus such as excessive urination and dehydration, measuring urine specific gravity is crucial in diagnosing the condition. In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine properly, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. A low urine specific gravity indicates the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, supporting the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. Option A) Blood glucose is not the correct choice in this case because diabetes insipidus is a disorder of water balance, not glucose metabolism. Measuring blood glucose levels would not provide relevant information for diagnosing diabetes insipidus. Option B) Serum sodium level may be altered in diabetes insipidus due to dehydration, but it is not a specific diagnostic test for this condition. While monitoring sodium levels is important in managing diabetes insipidus, it is not the primary test used for diagnosis. Option D) Computed tomography (CT) of the head is not typically performed as a diagnostic test for diabetes insipidus. CT scans are more useful in detecting structural abnormalities in the brain, which are not typically associated with diabetes insipidus. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind diagnostic tests in endocrine disorders like diabetes insipidus is crucial for healthcare providers to make accurate assessments and provide appropriate care. By knowing which tests are most relevant to specific conditions, nurses can contribute to timely and accurate diagnoses, leading to better patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In managing a patient with long-standing hypothyroidism who is starting replacement therapy, monitoring for dysrhythmias is crucial. The correct answer is D because when thyroid hormone replacement therapy is initiated, it can lead to an increase in the body's metabolic rate, potentially causing cardiac complications such as dysrhythmias, especially in individuals with preexisting heart conditions. Option A, insomnia, and option B, nervousness, are more commonly associated with hyperthyroidism rather than hypothyroidism or its treatment. Weight loss (option C) is also more indicative of hyperthyroidism, where patients typically experience unintentional weight loss due to an increased metabolic rate, whereas in hypothyroidism, weight gain is a more common symptom. Educationally, understanding the potential complications and monitoring parameters when initiating treatment for hypothyroidism is essential for nurses to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes. This question highlights the importance of being vigilant for adverse effects when starting replacement therapy, particularly in patients with a history of hypothyroidism.