Which of the following statements concerning Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (N) is incorrect

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Tamiflu interferes with the function of Neuraminidase (N), not Hemagglutinin (HA). HA binds to sialic acid on cell surface molecules, not N. N's function is to release new viral particles. Both HA and N undergo antigenic drift. Therefore, choice D is incorrect as it misrepresents the mechanism of action of Tamiflu.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Elie Metchnikoff. He is credited with the discovery of phagocytosis, the process in which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles. Metchnikoff's research in the late 19th century laid the foundation for our understanding of the immune system. A: Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine. B: Louis Pasteur is famous for his work on germ theory and pasteurization. D: Paul Ehrlich is known for his contributions to immunology, such as developing the concept of antibodies and chemotherapy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Edward Jenner's major contribution to immunology was developing the smallpox vaccine. He introduced the concept of vaccination by using cowpox to protect against smallpox. This marked the beginning of modern immunization. Discovering antibodies (A) and proposing innate immunity theory (B) were not directly attributed to Jenner. Discovering the germ theory of disease (D) was later proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, not Jenner. Overall, choice C is correct as it aligns with Jenner's groundbreaking work in immunization.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plasma cells (derived from B lymphocytes). B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies. When activated, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized in secreting antibodies. Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis, not antibody production. Natural killer cells are involved in killing infected cells, not antibody production. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that present antigens to activate B lymphocytes but do not produce antibodies themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is B as plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes are primarily responsible for antibody production.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It is a dynamic field, continually evolving through research. Immunology is constantly evolving due to new discoveries and advancements in technology. Research in immunology leads to a deeper understanding of the immune system and its interactions with pathogens, cancer, and other diseases. This ongoing evolution is essential for the development of new treatments and vaccines. Explanation of why other choices are incorrect: A: It is largely static, with few modern discoveries - This is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly advancing field with numerous breakthroughs and discoveries. C: It exclusively studies pathogen biology - This is incorrect as immunology also encompasses the study of the immune system's responses to various stimuli, not just pathogens. D: It focuses solely on innate immunity - This is incorrect as immunology covers both innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the interactions between them.