Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Public Health Nursing is a specialized field of nursing that focuses on promoting and protecting the health of populations and communities rather than individuals. One of the key principles of Public Health Nursing is the emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention strategies. This involves educating and empowering individuals, families, and communities to adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles in order to prevent illness and improve overall well-being. Public Health Nurses work to address the root causes of health disparities and advocate for policies and programs that promote the health of entire populations. While providing care to sick individuals may be a component of Public Health Nursing, the primary focus is on preventing illness and promoting health at the community level.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sundowning is a phenomenon commonly seen in elderly individuals, particularly those with cognitive impairments like dementia, where they become more restless, anxious, confused, or agitated during late afternoon and evening hours, typically around sunset. This change in behavior can manifest as increased confusion, wandering, aggression, or vocalization. The exact cause of sundowning is not completely understood but may involve a combination of factors such as disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle, fatigue, decreased lighting, and hormonal imbalances. Managing sundowning behaviors may involve environmental modifications, maintaining a regular routine, ensuring proper lighting, and addressing any underlying medical conditions contributing to the behavior changes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pemoline (Cylert) is a central nervous system stimulant used in the treatment of ADHD. One of the significant potential side effects of pemoline is hepatotoxicity, which can manifest as elevated liver function test results. Therefore, the nurse must monitor the patient's liver function regularly while they are taking pemoline to monitor for any signs of liver damage or dysfunction. It is essential to educate the patient about the signs and symptoms of liver problems, such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, or dark urine, and to report any such symptoms immediately to their healthcare provider. Regular monitoring and early detection of liver function abnormalities can help prevent severe liver damage in patients taking pemoline.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: When a client experiences cardiac arrest, their breathing may become insufficient, leading to inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body. With reduced CO2 elimination, the level of CO2 in the bloodstream increases, causing respiratory acidosis. This imbalance is characterized by a decrease in blood pH along with an increase in CO2 levels in the blood, resulting in an acidic environment. Respiratory acidosis is the most common imbalance seen in clients who have experienced cardiac arrest, as impaired gas exchange impacts the body's ability to maintain proper acid-base balance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When a pregnant woman is diagnosed with preeclampsia, the focus of health care shifts to the individual woman herself. Preeclampsia is a serious condition that affects the health of the pregnant woman and her unborn child. The healthcare team will prioritize the care and treatment of the woman to ensure her well-being and safety. In this scenario, the emphasis is on providing personalized and targeted care to address the needs of the individual patient, rather than a broader focus on population groups, communities, or families.