ATI RN
Endocrine System Exam Questions Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.
Question 2 of 5
The neurotransmitter released at the end of most sympathetic nerve fibers is:
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Noradrenaline. Sympathetic nerve fibers release noradrenaline as the primary neurotransmitter to activate the fight-or-flight response. Noradrenaline acts on adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles. Epinephrine (choice A) is also released in the sympathetic nervous system but mainly by the adrenal glands. Acetylcholine (choice C) is the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system. Acetylcholinesterase (choice D) is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine and is not a neurotransmitter.
Question 3 of 5
We have an emergency clinical situation, which requires a drug to produce both bronchodilation and raise blood pressure. Which one of the following drugs can achieve these two goals?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: 1. Adrenaline is a non-selective adrenergic agonist that acts on both alpha and beta receptors. 2. Activation of beta-2 receptors in the lungs causes bronchodilation. 3. Activation of alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels raises blood pressure. 4. Atropine (A) is a muscarinic antagonist, not adrenergic. 5. Isoproterenol (C) primarily targets beta receptors, not alpha for blood pressure. 6. Noradrenaline (D) mainly acts on alpha receptors, not beta for bronchodilation.
Question 4 of 5
Neostigmine is a drug useful in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, but it causes parasympathomimetic effects unless another drug is given first. This drug is:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atropine. Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that increases acetylcholine levels leading to parasympathomimetic effects. Atropine, an anticholinergic drug, blocks the effects of acetylcholine, preventing excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors. Administering atropine before neostigmine helps counteract the parasympathomimetic effects, making it a necessary pre-treatment. Epinephrine and isoproterenol are adrenergic drugs and wouldn't counteract the cholinergic effects of neostigmine. Edrophonium is another cholinesterase inhibitor like neostigmine, so it wouldn't be effective in preventing the parasympathomimetic effects.
Question 5 of 5
Which of the following occur due to increased secretion of testosterone during puberty in male humans?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased muscle growth (1) is due to testosterone promoting protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy. Step 2: Deepening of voice (2) is caused by testosterone thickening the vocal cords. Step 3: Growth of facial hair (3) is stimulated by testosterone promoting hair follicle growth. Step 4: Enlargement of testes (4) is a direct effect of increased testosterone levels. Therefore, choices A, B, C, and D are analyzed: - B is incorrect as it excludes the enlargement of testes. - C is incorrect as it excludes the growth of facial hair. - D is incorrect as it excludes both muscle growth and the growth of facial hair. Conclusion: Choice A is correct as it includes all the effects of increased testosterone secretion during puberty in male humans.