Which of the following statement regarding continence after reconstruction for Pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) is true?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Post-PFUI continence is best addressed after restoring urethral continuity reconstruction (e.g., urethroplasty) precedes sphincter assessment. Contrast studies show anatomy, not function unpredictive. Bladder neck endoscopy evaluates structure, not continence limited. Partial injuries vary full distraction repairable. Continuity-first approach distinguishes it, key to stepwise PFUI management, unlike predictive or injury-type errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chromophobe RCC arises from intercalated cells of collecting ducts unique histology (pale cytoplasm). Proximal tubule births clear cell/papillary RCC different lineage. Both tubules isn't specific wrong scope. Principal cells manage sodium unrelated. Intercalated origin distinguishes chromophobe, key to its pathology, unlike proximal or principal sources.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the top cause of acute renal failure ischemia/toxins (e.g., sepsis) damage tubules, impairing filtration. Glomerulonephritis (immune) is less frequent chronic more common. Vasculitis (e.g., ANCA) is rare systemic. Tubulointerstitial nephritis (drugs) occurs but trails ATN less acute. ATN's prevalence distinguishes it, critical for ARF etiology, unlike glomerular or interstitial causes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Plasma aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) screens primary aldosteronism best high aldosterone, low renin (e.g., adenoma) flags it reliably. Serum potassium (hypokalemia) is suggestive non-specific. Urine aldosterone is diagnostic, not screening cumbersome. Adrenal vein sampling confirms laterality post-screening. ARR's sensitivity distinguishes it, critical for early detection, unlike secondary or invasive tests.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sickle cell disease tops pediatric priapism sickling blocks penile outflow (ischemic), prevalent in affected populations. Idiopathic is less defined residual category. Trauma causes high-flow rarer. Leukemia clogs vessels significant but less common. Sickle cell's dominance distinguishes it, key to pediatric etiology, unlike trauma or hematologic alternatives.