Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins which has an extended spectrum of activity against many gram negative bacilli, is acid resistant but not penicillinase resistant?:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amoxicillin. This penicillin has an extended spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacilli, making it effective against a wider range of bacteria. It is acid-resistant, allowing it to be taken orally, but it is not penicillinase-resistant, meaning it can be easily degraded by beta-lactamase enzymes. A: Cloxacillin is penicillinase-resistant but does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli. C: Phenoxymethyl penicillin is not acid-resistant and does not have an extended spectrum against gram-negative bacilli. D: Piperacillin has an extended spectrum of activity but is not acid-resistant and is susceptible to penicillinase.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Furosemide. Aminoglycoside antibiotics can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, also has the potential to cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, combining aminoglycosides with furosemide can increase the risk of these serious side effects. B: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that does not share the same severe side effects as aminoglycosides. C: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and does not have the same side effects as aminoglycosides. D: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic and does not share the same severe side effects as aminoglycosides.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Severe dehydration. Intravenous Plain NSS (Normal Saline Solution) infusion is the treatment of choice for severe dehydration due to its ability to rapidly restore fluid and electrolyte balance. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, can lead to excessive fluid loss and dehydration. Plain NSS helps replenish lost fluids and electrolytes quickly. Rationale for other choices: A: Hypokalemia - Furosemide can cause hypokalemia by increasing potassium excretion, but treatment involves potassium supplementation or potassium-sparing diuretics, not NSS infusion. C: Dilutional hyponatremia - Furosemide can lead to dilutional hyponatremia by causing excessive water retention, but treatment focuses on fluid restriction and correcting underlying causes, not NSS infusion. D: None of the above - This is incorrect as NSS infusion is indicated for severe dehydration in furosemide therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choosing option D: 1. Instruct the client to maintain limited physical activity to prevent contamination of the urine sample. 2. Physical activity can introduce bacteria from sweat or skin into the specimen, leading to inaccurate results. 3. By limiting physical activity, the client can ensure a clean-catch midstream urine sample for accurate testing. 4. Increasing fluid intake (option A), refraining from nephrotoxic drugs (option B), and taking sedative medications (option C) are not directly related to obtaining a clean-catch midstream urine specimen.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately filter waste from the blood. 2. Dialysis is a treatment used to perform the functions of the kidneys in patients with renal failure. 3. Dialysis helps remove excess waste, fluids, and toxins from the blood, maintaining proper electrolyte balance. 4. Patients with acute glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and pyelonephritis may not require dialysis as their conditions do not directly affect kidney function to the extent that renal failure does. Summary: - A: Acute glomerulonephritis does not always lead to renal failure requiring dialysis. - C: Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones and may not always require dialysis. - D: Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and may not necessarily lead to renal failure requiring dialysis.