Which of the following screening tests is recommended for cervical cancer prevention in women aged 21 to 65 years?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The recommended screening test for cervical cancer prevention in women aged 21 to 65 years is cytology, also known as a Pap smear. The Pap smear is a test that looks for changes in the cells of the cervix that could indicate the presence of cervical cancer or pre-cancerous conditions. This test is recommended every 3 years for women aged 21-29 years, and every 3-5 years for women aged 30-65 years, depending on the screening method used. HPV testing alone or co-testing with both cytology and HPV testing may be used in certain situations, but for most women in this age group, cytology (Pap smear) alone is the recommended screening test.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: IgA is the primary immunoglobulin class involved in providing passive immunity to newborn infants through breast milk. IgA antibodies are highly concentrated in colostrum and breast milk, offering important protection to newborns against infections. IgG antibodies can also be passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, providing passive immunity during pregnancy, but IgA is the main immunoglobulin class transferred through breast milk for protecting the infant's gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. IgE is mainly involved in allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, while IgM is an early responder in the immune response to infections.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are responsible for presenting endogenous antigens, such as viral or intracellular proteins, to CD8+ T cells. These antigens are derived from within the cell, either synthesized within the cell itself or taken up from the cytoplasm. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells, recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules and play a key role in cell-mediated immunity by destroying infected or abnormal cells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The clinical findings of inspiratory crackles (also known as rales) and dullness to percussion are most consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Inspiratory crackles are abnormal lung sounds heard on auscultation and are typically due to the presence of fluid or mucus in the alveoli. Dullness to percussion can indicate consolidation of lung tissue, which is a common finding in pneumonia where the alveolar spaces are filled with inflammatory exudate. These findings suggest localized lung pathology and are commonly observed in patients with pneumonia. Hemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain (Choice B) are more suggestive of pulmonary embolism or pleurisy. Clubbing of the fingers and cyanosis (Choice C) are signs of chronic hypoxemia and are not specific to pneumonia. Decreased breath sounds and tracheal deviation (Choice D) are more indicative of conditions such as a pneumoth

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The clinical presentation of a patient with progressive dyspnea, non-productive cough, fine inspiratory crackles, and HRCT findings of diffuse reticular opacities and traction bronchiectasis is highly suggestive of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a specific subtype of ILD characterized by progressive scarring of the lung tissue, leading to the symptoms mentioned above. The presence of reticular opacities and traction bronchiectasis on HRCT is a typical finding in IPF.