Which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Fight-or-flight, driven by adrenal medulla catecholamines, includes pupil dilation (vision), increased lung oxygen (energy), and suppressed digestion (blood diversion). Mental activity heightens for alertness, not reduces. Reduced cognition contradicts this survival mechanism, distinguishing it from physiological shifts, key to acute stress response understanding.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The posterior pituitary produces zero hormones it stores and releases ADH and oxytocin, synthesized by hypothalamic neurons, via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. 'One' or 'two' suggest production (e.g., ADH, oxytocin), but neurohypophysis lacks glandular synthesis, unlike anterior pituitary (e.g., TSH). 'Three' exceeds known outputs no third hormone exists. Its role as a neural extension for hypothalamic hormones distinguishes it, key to understanding pituitary division, unlike hormone-generating glands.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The pituitary gland is purely endocrine, releasing hormones (e.g., GH, TSH) into blood, lacking exocrine ducts. The pancreas is dual endocrine islets (insulin) and exocrine acini (digestive enzymes). Kidneys are endocrine (erythropoietin, renin) and exocrine (urine via nephrons). Gonads (testes/ovaries) are endocrine (testosterone/estrogen) and exocrine (sperm/eggs via ducts). Pituitary's exclusive endocrine nature distinguishes it, key to its master gland status, unlike dual-function organs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Gigantism, acromegaly, and hyperprolactinemia often stem from pituitary adenomas (tumors), but the question implies adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma) from context. These pituitary conditions aren't adrenal tumors, so 'none' fits if strictly adrenal-focused. This distinction clarifies tumor location, key to differential diagnosis, contrasting with pituitary-derived states.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, peaking in darkness to regulate circadian rhythms like sleep-wake cycles, influenced by retinal light signals. The thymus matures T-cells, not rhythms. Parathyroids control calcium via PTH, not timekeeping. The pituitary, a master gland, doesn't directly manage circadian cycles hypothalamus does via pineal. Pineal's melatonin-driven role distinguishes it, key to biological timing, unlike immune, calcium, or regulatory glands.