Which of the following responses indicates sympathetic nervous system function?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because tachycardia (increased heart rate) and dilated pupils are classic responses of the sympathetic nervous system activation. Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response, leading to increased heart rate and dilated pupils to prepare the body for quick action. Choice B is incorrect because hypoglycemia and headache are not specific to sympathetic nervous system function. Choice C is incorrect because increased peristalsis and abdominal cramping are more indicative of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Choice D is incorrect because pupil constriction and bronchoconstriction are actions of the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for rest and digest functions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diagnostic reasoning. Diagnostic reasoning involves using assessment data and critical thinking skills to develop a nursing diagnosis. This process includes analyzing and interpreting data to make clinical judgments about the patient's health status. A: Assigning clinical cues is incorrect because this refers to identifying and documenting specific observations or findings during the assessment process, not the process of developing a nursing diagnosis. B: Defining characteristics is incorrect because this refers to the specific symptoms or manifestations used to support a nursing diagnosis, not the overall process of diagnostic reasoning. D: Diagnostic labeling is incorrect because this refers to assigning a formal name to the nursing diagnosis, not the process of critically analyzing assessment data to develop it.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. This statement shows an understanding of reducing HIV transmission by promoting harm reduction strategies like needle exchange programs, which help prevent sharing of contaminated needles. This approach is evidence-based and effective in reducing the spread of HIV among injection drug users. Choice A is incorrect because breastfeeding by HIV-positive mothers can transmit the virus to infants. Choice C is incorrect as birth control pills do not protect against HIV, only against pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as natural skin condoms do not provide the same level of protection against HIV as latex condoms do.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because performing a physical examination is the method nurses use to establish a patient's database. This involves directly assessing the patient's physical condition, gathering data on their health status, and identifying any abnormalities or concerns. Reviewing literature (A) is important but not a direct method of collecting patient data. Checking orders for tests (B) is part of data collection but not the initial step. Ordering medications (D) is a treatment action, not data collection.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tears and F: Breastmilk. HIV transmission has been established through breastmilk due to the presence of the virus in the milk. Tears can also transmit HIV if they contain blood from an HIV-positive individual. Saliva, sweat, and urine do not typically contain enough HIV to transmit the virus. Blood is a well-known mode of HIV transmission due to the high viral load present in blood. Therefore, choices A, B, D, and G are incorrect as they do not have sufficient levels of the virus to transmit HIV.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Potato. Potatoes are high in potassium, which is essential for various bodily functions. Potatoes can help increase potassium intake in patients who require it. Bread, eggs, and cereal are not as rich in potassium as potatoes. Increasing intake of these foods won't provide the necessary boost in potassium levels needed for the patient.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Efferent. Efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, controlling movement and secretion. Afferent neurons carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, not towards muscles or glands. "Affective" relates to emotions, not neural function. "Effective" does not describe the direction of signal transmission in the nervous system. Therefore, B is the correct choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because sharp pain is a subjective cue as it is based on the client's personal experience and perception. The client is the only one who can report the presence and intensity of pain. B: Small bloody drainage is an objective cue that can be observed and measured by the nurse. C: Temperature of 102 degrees F is an objective cue that can be measured using a thermometer. D: Pulse rate of 90 beats per minute is an objective cue that can be measured using a pulse oximeter. In summary, subjective cues are based on the client's feelings and perceptions, while objective cues are observable and measurable by the healthcare provider.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Human Needs (Maslow) model. The nurse is using a systematic approach based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs. This model organizes assessment data by prioritizing these universal life requirements. Incorrect choices: B: Functional Health Patterns model - This model focuses on 11 functional health patterns, not the hierarchy of universal life requirements. C: Human Response Patterns model - This model focuses on the individual's response to stressors, not prioritizing universal life requirements. D: Body System model - This model focuses on assessing specific body systems, not the holistic approach of addressing all life requirements.