Which of the following respiratory patterns is most likely to be present with an adult patient suffering the adverse effects of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kussmaul respirations. In diabetic ketoacidosis, the body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing the respiratory rate to blow off excess carbon dioxide and lower blood pH. Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid, and labored breathing characteristic of this compensatory mechanism. Bradypnea (A) is slow breathing, which is not typical in diabetic ketoacidosis. Central neurogenic hyperventilation (B) is rapid, deep breathing caused by a neurologic issue, not commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Cheyne-Stokes respirations (D) are characterized by periods of deep breathing followed by apnea and are not typically seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (80-110 mg/dL) because this range reflects the optimal blood glucose level to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. A (60-90 mg/dL) is too low and can lead to hypoglycemia. C (186-202 mg/dL) and D (110-160 mg/dL) are higher ranges that can increase the risk of hyperglycemia and related complications. The American Heart Association recommends the 80-110 mg/dL range for healthcare providers to maintain glucose levels within a safe and effective range.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Children suffer spinal cord injury without x-ray abnormality more commonly than adults. This statement is true because children's spinal cords are more flexible and elastic, making them less likely to show bony abnormalities on x-rays even if there is an injury. This phenomenon is known as SCIWORA (spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality) and is more common in children due to their unique anatomical characteristics. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: An infant with a traumatic brain injury may become hypotensive from cerebral edema - This statement is incorrect because hypotension is not a common consequence of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury. C: Initial therapy for the child with traumatic brain injury includes the administration of methylprednisolone intravenously - This statement is incorrect as the use of methylprednisolone in traumatic brain injury is controversial and not considered standard therapy. D: Children have more focal mass lesions as a result of traumatic brain injury

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Class 2. In Class 2 hemorrhage, systolic blood pressure starts to decrease. This is because in Class 2 hemorrhage, there is approximately 15-30% blood volume loss, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Class 0, 1, and 3 hemorrhages do not involve significant blood loss to cause a decrease in systolic blood pressure. Class 0 represents minimal blood loss, Class 1 involves up to 15% blood volume loss, and Class 3 involves more than 30% blood volume loss, all of which are not significant enough to lead to a decrease in systolic blood pressure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: C is incorrect because pulse oximetry provides a spot-check measurement, not continuous. A is true as room light can interfere. B is true as dysfunctional hemoglobin can affect accuracy. D is true as pulse oximetry relies on differential light absorption. Therefore, the correct answer is C.