Which of the following respiratory patterns is most likely to be present with an adult patient suffering the adverse effects of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kussmaul respirations. In diabetic ketoacidosis, the body attempts to compensate for the metabolic acidosis by increasing the respiratory rate and depth, leading to Kussmaul respirations characterized by deep, rapid, and labored breathing. This pattern helps to blow off excess CO2 and decrease the acidity in the blood. Bradypnea (A) is slow breathing, which is not characteristic of the compensatory response in diabetic ketoacidosis. Central neurogenic hyperventilation (B) involves rapid and deep breathing due to neurological issues, not commonly seen in diabetic ketoacidosis. Cheyne-Stokes respirations (D) are characterized by periods of deep breathing followed by periods of apnea, which is not typically associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (80-110 mg/dL) as per the American Heart Association guidelines. It is considered the optimal range for glucose concentration to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Choice A (60-90 mg/dL) is too low and can lead to hypoglycemia. Choice C (186-202 mg/dL) and D (110-160 mg/dL) are too high and can increase the risk of hyperglycemia and complications. Staying within the recommended range helps maintain stable blood sugar levels and reduces the risk of adverse events.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): 1. Children's spinal cords are more flexible than adults', increasing risk of injury without x-ray abnormalities. 2. Pediatric spinal injuries may not show on x-ray initially, requiring further imaging. 3. This phenomenon is known as SCIWORA (spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality). 4. In contrast, adults' spinal cords are less flexible, often leading to visible abnormalities on x-ray. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: Hypotension in infants with TBI is usually due to other factors like hemorrhage, not cerebral edema. C: Methylprednisolone is not recommended for initial therapy in pediatric TBI due to lack of proven benefit. D: Children more commonly have diffuse axonal injury rather than focal mass lesions in TBI compared to adults.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Class 2 hemorrhage, systolic blood pressure starts to decrease due to significant blood loss (15-30%). This reduction triggers compensatory mechanisms to maintain perfusion. In Class 0, there is no blood loss, so blood pressure remains stable. In Class 1, minimal blood loss occurs, causing little impact on blood pressure. In Class 3, severe blood loss leads to a rapid decrease in blood pressure, making it unlikely for systolic blood pressure to start decreasing gradually.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Choice C is incorrect because pulse oximetry provides a spot-check measurement of oxygen saturation, not continuous monitoring. A: Surrounding light can interfere with accuracy due to the device's sensitivity. B: Dysfunctional hemoglobin can affect readings. D: The technology relies on light absorption differences to measure oxygen levels accurately.