Which of the following represents a set of strategies and ideas aimed at reducing harm to an individual or society by modifying harmful or hazardous behaviours that are difficult and, in some cases, impossible to prevent?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Harm reduction. Harm reduction focuses on minimizing the negative consequences of risky behaviors rather than trying to eliminate them completely. It recognizes that certain behaviors may be difficult to prevent entirely and aims to reduce harm associated with those behaviors. Health promotion (A) focuses on promoting overall health and well-being rather than specifically addressing harmful behaviors. Tertiary care (C) refers to specialized medical care for individuals with complex healthcare needs and is not directly related to modifying behaviors. Risk avoidance (D) involves completely avoiding risky behaviors rather than mitigating their potential harm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because seeking guidance from the supervisor is a step toward resolving the ethical dilemma, but the ultimate responsibility still lies with the CHN. Letting the supervisor decide does not absolve the CHN of accountability for the choice made. This option allows for further discussion and reflection, ensuring that the CHN remains engaged in the decision-making process. Choice A is incorrect because the supervisor is not solely responsible for the CHN's choices; the CHN must still take ownership of the decision. Choice B is incorrect as it assumes the supervisor has all the answers, overlooking the importance of the CHN's own critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Choice D is also incorrect as community priorities do not necessarily align with ethical decision-making in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Principlism. Principlism is an ethical framework that involves identifying and applying ethical principles, such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, to ethical dilemmas. In this scenario, the CHN is suggesting a solution that considers fairness and justice by proposing a compromise that allows family members to take turns calling in sick to care for the ill family member without risking their employment. This aligns with the principle of justice, as it aims to balance the needs of the ill family member with the responsibilities of the employed family members. The other options are incorrect because: A: Communitarianism focuses on the common good of the community, which is not explicitly addressed in the CHN's suggestion. B: Deontological ethics is based on duties and moral rules, which are not explicitly invoked in the CHN's suggestion. D: Utilitarianism is about maximizing overall happiness or utility, which is not explicitly the goal of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Virtue ethics. The physician's belief that the client's suffering will build character aligns with the virtue ethics theory, which focuses on the moral character of the individual and the development of virtues like compassion and empathy. By refusing pain medication to teach a lesson, the physician is prioritizing character development over the client's well-being, which is a key aspect of virtue ethics. Summary: A: Consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, not the character of the individual. B: Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of community values, not individual character development. D: Utilitarianism prioritizes maximizing overall happiness or well-being, not individual character building over pain relief.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Veracity. Veracity refers to telling the truth, which is an essential ethical principle in healthcare. Nonmaleficence means to do no harm, Principlism is a moral framework based on principles, and Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall utility. Veracity is the only term directly related to truth-telling in this context.