ATI RN
Chapter 2 pharmacologic principles Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following radionuclides is generator produced?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: â¹â¹áµTc (A) is generator-produced, from â¹â¹Mo decay (tâ‚/â‚‚ 66h) in a molybdenum-technetium generator, yielding gamma-emitting Tc-99m (tâ‚/â‚‚ 6h) for imaging (e.g., thyroid scans). ²â°Â¹Tl (B), â¶â·Ga (C), ¹³³Xe (D), and ¹²³I (original E) are
Question 2 of 5
A 59-year-old female with diabetes presents to her primary care physician for routine follow-up. Her current medications include insulin. Her fasting blood sugars are in the range of 80 to $120 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}$. The intracellular effects of this medication are likely caused by which of the following mechanisms of action?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin's intracellular effects occur via protein phosphorylation (C). Binding its tyrosine kinase receptor, insulin triggers autophosphorylation, activating cascades (e.g., PI3K-Akt) that phosphorylate proteins, promoting glucose uptake (GLUT4 translocation). Ionic changes (A) and membrane potential (B) are ion channel effects. Protein and receptor phosphorylation (D) overcomplicates; receptor phosphorylation initiates, but cellular effects are downstream. Receptor destruction (original E) is false. This mechanism ensures glycemic control (80-120 mg/dL), critical in diabetes management, distinguishing insulin from ionotropic drugs.
Question 3 of 5
A 61-year-old man is taking over-the-counter pseudoephedrine for cold and flulike symptoms. Over the course of the next few days, he experiences improvement in his rhinitis but should be concerned about the possibility of which of the following problems?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Urinary retention (D) is a concern with pseudoephedrine, an $\alpha_1$-agonist causing urethral sphincter contraction, impairing bladder emptying, especially in older men (e.g., with BPH). Iris contraction (A) is muscarinic, not adrenergic. Bronchoconstriction (B) contradicts its $\beta_2$-mediated dilation. Erectile improvement (C) isn't typical; $\alpha$-effects may worsen it. Thinning secretions (original E) occurs but isn't problematic. This $\alpha$-adrenergic side effect, critical in the elderly, requires caution, balancing rhinitis relief with urinary risks.
Question 4 of 5
A 34-year-old female insists on drinking a cup of grapefruit juice every morning for 'body cleansing.' Grapefruit juice is known to interfere with the cytochrome P450 system, disrupting levels of certain drugs. The cytochrome P450 system includes dozens of enzymes. Which is the most abundant CYP enzyme in human livers?
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: CYP3A4 (E, original) is the most abundant CYP enzyme in human livers (~30-40\% of total), metabolizing many drugs (e.g., statins). Grapefruit juice inhibits it, raising drug levels (e.g., felodipine). CYP1A2 (A) handles caffeine, CYP2A6 (B) nicotine, CYP2D6 (C) antidepressants, and CYP2E1 (D) ethanol:all less abundant. CYP3A4's dominance and intestinal presence amplify juice interactions, critical in pharmacokinetics, necessitating caution with co-administered substrates.
Question 5 of 5
An 18-year-old college student is hanging shelves in his dorm room. He accidently hits his thumb with the hammer, which subsequently becomes swollen and red. He takes some acetaminophen for the pain. Many proteins are activated in response to injury leading to inflammation. Which of the following proteins is a transcription factor?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: NF-κB (D) is a transcription factor, activated in inflammation (e.g., thumb injury), translocating to the nucleus to upregulate genes (e.g., cytokines) driving swelling/redness. COX-2 (A) is an enzyme (prostaglandin synthesis). HAT (B) is a histone acetyltransferase, not a direct factor. IκB (C) inhibits NF-κB. iNOS (original E) produces nitric oxide. NF-κB's role amplifies inflammation, indirectly reduced by acetaminophen's COX inhibition, a key molecular link in pain/inflammatory pathways.