Which of the following public health movements of the 20th century aimed to reduce environmental health hazards?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Environmental Health Movement. This movement aimed to reduce environmental health hazards by focusing on factors such as air and water quality, waste management, and pollution control. The movement emphasized prevention and control of diseases caused by environmental factors. Explanation: 1. The Environmental Health Movement specifically targets environmental hazards, making it the most relevant choice. 2. The Health Promotion Movement focuses on promoting healthy behaviors and lifestyles, not specifically on environmental hazards. 3. The Sanitation Movement primarily aimed at improving hygiene and sanitation practices, not addressing broader environmental health issues. 4. The Primary Care Movement emphasizes access to basic healthcare services, not directly related to reducing environmental health hazards.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 1955. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955. This vaccine was a monumental breakthrough in medical history and played a crucial role in eradicating polio. Choice A (1945) is too early for the development of the polio vaccine. Choice B (1952) is also too early, as the vaccine was not developed until 1955. Choice D (1960) is too late, as the vaccine was already developed and in use by 1955. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it aligns with the historical timeline of the development of the polio vaccine by Jonas Salk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medicare. In the 1960s, Medicare was introduced as a health program specifically aimed at expanding health coverage to older adults in the U.S. Medicare provides health insurance for individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities. Medicaid (B) is a separate program that provides health coverage to low-income individuals and families. The Affordable Care Act (C) was passed in 2010 and aimed to increase access to health insurance for all Americans, not specifically targeting older adults. The Children's Health Insurance Program (D) was created in 1997 to provide health coverage to children in low-income families, not older adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. This report, released in 1964, was a landmark publication that highlighted the link between smoking and health risks, leading to significant public health interventions to reduce tobacco use. It played a crucial role in raising awareness about the dangers of smoking and paved the way for tobacco control policies. Choice B, the U.S. National Health Survey, is not directly related to tobacco use reduction efforts in the 1960s. Choice C, the Global Health Strategy on Smoking, is too broad and not specific to the 1960s public health goals. Choice D, the Healthy People Initiative, was not launched until the late 1970s and is not specifically focused on tobacco use reduction during the 1960s.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals were launched in the 21st century to address various global challenges, including health, by 2030. They aim to improve global health by focusing on a wide range of interconnected issues such as poverty, inequality, education, and climate change. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Millennium Development Goals were a set of targets for developing countries established in 2000, not specifically focused on health. B: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on strengthening global health security to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, not achieving broader health-related goals. D: The Healthy People 2030 Initiative is a US-based initiative aimed at setting national health objectives, not global health goals.