Which of the following patients would be most likely to have decreased anxiety about, and response to, pain as a result of past experiences?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Past pain experiences shape future reactions. 'One who had pain but got adequate relief' is correcte.g., a prior surgery with good analgesia (e.g., 2/10 post-op) builds trust, lowering anxiety, per Taylor's psychology. Choice B, 'did not get relief,' heightens feare.g., 8/10 untreated pain breeds dread. Choice C, 'chronic pain for years,' often increases anxietye.g., fibromyalgia's unpredictability exhausts coping. Choice D, 'multiple pain experiences,' variese.g., relief or not determines outlook, too vague. A patient recalling, 'Last time, meds worked fast,' expects control, reducing fight-or-flight responses (e.g., pulse drops 10 bpm). Positive reinforcement eases pain perception, making Choice A the best fit.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Self-concept is a broad self-view. 'Self-image' best describes ite.g., 'I'm tall, smart,' encompassing identity, per Taylor's psychology, as the total perception. 'Self-esteem' is valuee.g., 'I'm worthy,' a part, not whole. 'Self-actualization' , Maslow's peake.g., fulfilling potentialexceeds basic concept. 'Self-realization' implies enlightenmente.g., vague, not core. Self-image integrates body, rolese.g., a teen's 'student' labelforming the foundation nurses assess. Choice D is the correct, comprehensive term.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An infant's realization of physical separation from the environment marks a foundational developmental milestone. 'Self-awareness' is correcte.g., by 6 months, an infant notices their hand moves independently of a crib, per Taylor's developmental psychology, forming the earliest self-concept layer. 'Self-recognition' emerges latere.g., at 18 months, passing the mirror test, identifying 'me' visually, not just physically. 'Self-definition' involves traitse.g., 'I'm smart,' a preschool skill, not infancy. 'Self-concept' is the broader outcomee.g., encompassing identity and esteem, built over years, not a stage. For instance, an infant batting a mobile senses 'I caused that,' distinct from external objects, a precursor to later self-understanding. Nurses observe this in reflexes or object permanence tasks, per Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where self-awareness begins the self-concept journey. Choice A precisely names this initial differentiation, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Moral principles tie to esteem's roots. 'Virtue' is assessede.g., 'I value honesty' reflects worth via ethics, per Taylor's Coopersmith model, amid divorce's upheaval. 'Significance' is external valuee.g., 'I'm needed,' not morals. 'Power' is influencee.g., 'I control,' not principles. 'Competence' is skille.g., 'I'm good at,' not ethics. A woman saying 'I stay fair'e.g., despite betrayalshows virtue bolstering esteem, a nursing focus for resilience. Choice B is the correct aspect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Stress is a systemic reaction. 'A response to changes in the normal balanced state' best describes ite.g., job loss shifts equilibrium, per Taylor's Selye-based view, triggering adaptation. Choice B, 'perception of threat,' is partiale.g., fear drives, but stress includes physical (e.g., fever). Choice C, 'internal environment,' narrowse.g., excludes external like noise. Choice D, 'localized response,' fits injurye.g., swelling, not whole-body stress. A nurse sees 'I'm overwhelmed'e.g., pulse up 20 bpmshowing broad imbalance, not just perception. Choice A is the correct, holistic definition.