Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the MOST common causative agent of urinary tract infection (UTI), accounting for approximately 80-85% of all cases. E. coli is a type of bacteria that naturally resides in the gastrointestinal tract and can easily migrate to the urinary tract, causing infection. Its prevalence in UTIs is due to various factors such as its ability to adhere to the uroepithelial cells and form biofilms, leading to persistent infections. Therefore, E. coli is the most common organism responsible for UTIs in both community and healthcare settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The sensation of feeling "heavy" in the perineal area postpartum is a common concern due to the stretching and potential trauma to the perineal muscles during childbirth. Kegel exercises are specifically designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which can help alleviate this sensation of heaviness. By encouraging the client to perform Kegel exercises regularly, the nurse is promoting the restoration and strengthening of the perineal muscles, ultimately helping the client feel more comfortable and supported in that area. This education empowers the client to take an active role in their own recovery and promotes optimal healing postpartum.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), also known as total knee replacement, is a surgical procedure commonly performed to alleviate symptoms and improve function in patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the knee that has not responded to conservative management. During TKA, the damaged cartilage and bone in the knee joint are removed and replaced with prosthetic components. This procedure aims to reduce pain, restore function, and improve the quality of life for individuals with severe osteoarthritis of the knee. High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is typically performed in younger patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritis, while knee arthroscopy and meniscectomy are more targeted towards specific knee conditions and may not provide significant relief in cases of advanced osteoarthritis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Uterine rupture is a severe obstetric complication that requires prompt and decisive management to prevent adverse outcomes for both the mother and the baby. In cases of uterine rupture leading to fetal distress and maternal hemorrhage, performing an emergency cesarean section is crucial. This intervention allows for rapid delivery of the baby, relieving the distress on the fetus and enabling immediate access to manage the maternal hemorrhage. By performing a timely cesarean section, healthcare providers can expedite the delivery process and effectively address both the fetal and maternal complications associated with uterine rupture. This intervention is essential in saving lives and reducing the risk of further complications in such a critical obstetric emergency.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a diagnostic pelvic ultrasound, one important preparation is to have the patient void or empty their bladder before the procedure. This allows for better visualization of the pelvic organs and structures during the ultrasound scan. A full bladder can obstruct the view and make it difficult to obtain accurate images. Therefore, it is essential for the patient to follow instructions to empty their bladder before the pelvic ultrasound to ensure the best results.