Which of the following opioid receptor types is responsible for euphoria and respiratory depression?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mu-receptors. Mu-receptors are responsible for euphoria and respiratory depression because they are primarily involved in the analgesic effects and central nervous system depression associated with opioids. Kappa-receptors (choice A) are more related to analgesia and sedation. Delta-receptors (choice B) are also involved in analgesia but to a lesser extent compared to Mu-receptors. Choice D is incorrect as not all opioid receptors are responsible for euphoria and respiratory depression.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clozapine. Clozapine is known for its high risk of potentially fatal agranulocytosis, a serious blood disorder. It also carries a risk of seizures at high doses. Haloperidol (A) is associated with extrapyramidal symptoms, not agranulocytosis or seizures. Risperidone (B) is less likely to cause agranulocytosis or seizures compared to clozapine. Chlorpromazine (D) can cause agranulocytosis but is not as well-known for this risk as clozapine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because actoprotectors are substances that improve physical efficiency by enhancing endurance, stamina, and overall physical performance. This is supported by scientific evidence showing their positive effects on exercise capacity and fatigue resistance. Choice B is incorrect because cognition enhancers focus on improving cognitive functions, not physical performance. Choice C is incorrect as actoprotectors do not raise non-specific resistance towards stresses but specifically target physical efficiency. Choice D is incorrect because actoprotectors do not directly stimulate respiratory and vasomotor centers in the brain, but rather enhance physical capabilities.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Buspirone has a slow onset of action due to its mechanism of action involving serotonin and dopamine receptors. This makes it unsuitable for acute anxiety or panic attacks. The slow onset allows for gradual anxiolytic effects over time. Other choices are incorrect because buspirone has a wide therapeutic index, minimal potential for physical dependence, and does not typically impair mentation or motor functions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: None of the above. In patients with airway problems, the induction agent of choice is usually propofol. Desflurane (A) and nitrous oxide (B) are not ideal for patients with compromised airways due to their irritant properties and potential for airway reactivity. Halothane (C) is not recommended in patients with airway problems due to its potential for respiratory depression and airway irritation. Therefore, the correct choice is D as propofol is the preferred induction agent in patients with airway issues.