Which of the following nursing pioneers established the Red Cross in the United States in 1882?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Clara Barton. Clara Barton established the American Red Cross in the United States in 1882. She was a pioneering nurse who played a crucial role in providing humanitarian aid during the Civil War and later founded the American Red Cross, which has since become a global humanitarian organization. Florence Nightingale, while a pioneer in nursing and known for her work in transforming nursing into a respected profession, did not establish the Red Cross in the United States. Dorothea Dix was a notable advocate for mental health reform and improving conditions for the mentally ill, but she was not the founder of the Red Cross. Jane Addams was a social reformer and leader in the settlement house movement but was not associated with the establishment of the Red Cross. Understanding the historical context of nursing pioneers and their significant contributions is essential for nursing students. Recognizing the roles and achievements of key figures in nursing history not only enriches students' knowledge base but also instills a sense of pride and inspiration in the nursing profession. Clara Barton's establishment of the American Red Cross serves as a powerful example of nursing leadership and humanitarian service that continues to impact healthcare delivery and disaster response globally.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Segregation. 1. Segregation involves separating wastes at the point of generation, promoting efficient recycling and waste management. 2. Transportation refers to moving waste from one location to another, not the process of separating wastes. 3. Collection involves gathering waste from different sources, not specifically separating at the point of generation. 4. Treatment is the process of processing or handling waste to reduce its impact, not the initial separation process.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): The normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in arterial blood is 35-45 mmHg. This range is essential for maintaining acid-base balance. Deviations from this range can lead to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. Therefore, maintaining PaCO2 within 35-45 mmHg is crucial for proper oxygenation and gas exchange. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: 95-100% - This range is not relevant for partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. It refers to oxygen saturation. B: 80-100 mmHg - This range is too broad and includes values outside the normal PaCO2 range. C: 22-26 mEq/l - This range refers to bicarbonate levels, not PaCO2.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chills. In active tuberculosis, a male client may exhibit chills due to the body's immune response to the infection. This symptom is common in the early stages of TB. A: Chest and lower back pain are not typical symptoms of active TB. C: A fever of more than 104°F and nausea are not specific to TB but may occur in other infections. D: Night sweats and hemoptysis are more commonly associated with advanced stages of TB, not necessarily in the active stage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Before age 20. Testicular examinations are important for early detection of testicular cancer, which is most common in young and middle-aged men. Teaching George before age 20 ensures he understands the importance of self-examinations and can detect any abnormalities early. Choice A is incorrect because sexual activity is not directly related to testicular health. Choice B is incorrect as waiting until after age 10 may miss the crucial window for early detection. Choice C is incorrect as waiting until after age 40 may miss the opportunity to detect testicular cancer early.